Migration and African Diaspora
This mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the North and Midwest between 1916 and 1930 was driven by racial violence and economic opportunities.
What is the Great Migration?
This landmark 1896 Supreme Court case upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
Established in 1865, this federal agency helped newly freed African Americans by providing education, food, and medical aid.
What is the Freedmen Bureau?
This period of Black artistic and literary achievement took place in the 1920s and early 1930s in New York City.
What is the Harlem Renaissance?
Collectively, Black Greek organizations are referred to as this, which consists of nine historically Black fraternities and sororities.
What is the Divine 9?
Many Black migrants from the South settled in this neighborhood, which became the epicenter of Black cultural and artistic expression in the 1920s.
What is Harlem?
This journalist and activist led an anti-lynching campaign in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, exposing the horrors of racial violence.
Who is Ida B. Wells?
One of the major accomplishments of the Freedmen’s Bureau was the establishment of schools, which eventually became these institutions.
What is HBCUs?
This poet, known for The Weary Blues, was a leading literary voice of the Harlem Renaissance.
Who is Langston Hughes?
This secretive, racist organization resurged in the 1910s and 1920s, using violence and intimidation against African Americans.
What is the Ku Klux Klan?
This labor system replaced slavery in the South and kept many African Americans in cycles of debt and poverty.
What is Sharecropping?
This scholar and activist argued that African Americans must demand immediate civil rights rather than accept gradualism.
Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?
This 1877 political compromise ended Reconstruction and led to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
This Black composer and pianist blended jazz and classical music and became a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance.
Who is Duke Ellington?
This 1921 event saw a thriving Black community in Oklahoma destroyed by white mobs in one of the worst incidents of racial violence in U.S. history.
What is the Tulsa Race Riots?
Following the Reconstruction Era, these laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern U.S. until the mid-20th century.
What is Jim Crow Laws?
This organization, founded in 1909, used legal action to challenge racial discrimination and segregation.
What is the NAACP?
This set of laws, passed in the South after the Civil War, restricted Black people's rights and sought to maintain a racial hierarchy.
What are black codes?
This woman became the first Black person to publish a novel in the U.S., Iola Leroy, which focused on themes of race and identity.
Who is Frances Ellen Watkins Harper?
This 1920s leader promoted Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism through the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
Who is Marcus Garvey?
This Caribbean island saw an influx of Black migrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, as African Americans sought refuge from racial violence in the U.S.
What is Haiti?
W.E.B. Du Bois coined this term to describe the feeling of having multiple racial identities within one society.
What is Double Consciousness?
This amendment, passed in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, including formerly enslaved people.
What is the 14th Amendment?
This landmark 1925 anthology, edited by Alain Locke, celebrated Harlem Renaissance writers and thinkers.
What is the "New Negro"?
This fraternity, founded in 1911 at Howard University, was instrumental in the establishment of Negro History Week, which later became Black History Month.
What is Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Inc.?