People and Groups
Incan emperor, captured and used for ransom by Pizarro in Battle of Cajamarea. Executed after ransom was paid
Atahualpa
Removal of foreign object from right above heart. Performed by de Vaca on an Indian's chest in 1535
Sagittectomy
Founded Roanoke, later abandoned the colonists and returned 2 years later to find that everyone disappeared
Walter Raleigh
A man who fabricated the story of a city of gold to lure the Spanish into the plains. Executed by Spaniards for his actions
The Turk
Noble Spaniard with military background, part of Corte's crew in Mexico, known for brutal tactics and cruel treatments of Aztecs, nicknamed "The Sun". Defeated more tribes, took Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, helped Spanish conquest
Alvarado
Survived a devastating shipwreck and spent years in the Gulf region of Texas, modern-day Texas. He and three companions then embarked on a long journey, initially living among Native Americans, eventually reaching Mexico City
de Vaca
An explorer and navigator who made three voyages to the northern lands of North America. He is credited with naming Canada and explored parts of its eastern coast and made his way up the St. Lawrence River to what are now the cities of Montreal and Quebec.
Cartier
Distance de Vaca walked in Texas
~2400 miles on foot
Spanish explorer who mapped the coastline of the Gulf of America in 1519 (1st European to do so), discovered Rio Grande, ran into Cortes, became enemies. Founded Tampico, gave Spain claim to Texas
Pineda
Mythical city of gold searched for by Coronado. The king of this city was said to be so rich that he would cover himself from head to foot in gold dust – either daily or on certain ceremonial occasions – before diving into a sacred lake to wash it off.
El Dorado
An early English settlement in North Carolina that mysteriously disappeared in the late 16th century. It was one of the earliest attempts by England to establish a permanent colony in the New World.
Roanoke
River in North America (Canada) frequented by Cartier when trying to start colonies for France
St. Lawrence River
Made expeditions to Florida, didn't understand geography, trip took way longer than expected.
According to Google: led an ill-fated expedition to Florida in 1528, aiming to conquer and settle the region, but ultimately perished along with most of his men
Narvaez
Failed colony established by Cartier for France. Laid the groundwork for France's colonization in North America.
New France
The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. It was named after an English king and played a crucial role in establishing English presence in the New World.
Jamestown
Native American empire centered on Andes Mountains. Highly sophisticated society with advanced engineering. Large administrative system, supports central government. Complex agriculture, major road network, rich culture
Inca
Leaves New Spain to explore interior of North America and find city of gold. Marched for two years through Texas-Kansas. No gold found, fought with Native Americans. 1st Europeans to witness tornado on plains
Coronado
Incan "writing" using knotted rope
Quipu
Part of Pizarro's expedition to the Incas, went to conquer Florida, found nothing of value. Discovered the Fountain of Youth was fake. Released hogs and horses into wild. Died of malaria, put in bag and sent down a river to prevent increasing hostility of natives
de Soto
Describe the story of de Vaca to the best of your abilities. Mr. Korte can decide if the answer is good enough for the test
Google's Answer:
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish explorer, embarked on an ill-fated expedition to Florida in 1527. After a series of misfortunes and attacks, his party was shipwrecked on the Texas coast near present-day Galveston Island in 1528. He and the surviving 80-90 men were then captured and enslaved by various Indigenous tribes. Over the next eight years, he lived among these tribes, learning their languages and customs, and eventually becoming a skilled healer. He and three other survivors, including Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevanico, embarked on a journey across Texas and the Southwest, eventually reuniting with Spanish slavers in northern Mexico in 1536. They returned to Spain in 1537, where Cabeza de Vaca's account of his experiences was published and gained attention.