(1)Chp 1-1 & 2
What was the effect of Philip’s efforts to strengthen control in the Netherlands and crush Calvinism?
Philip’s effort to control the Netherlands caused resentment and opposition from the nobles of the Netherlands. To crush Calvinism, he sent over 10,000 troops to stop the rebellion. The fighting broke a 12 year truce, and caused the Netherlands to create a united government against Spanish control called the United Provinces.
How did Russia emerge as a powerful state under Peter the Great?
Peter had goals of adding western style of government, culture, and economy to backwards Russia, called westernization. Peter also was following the absolutist role of Louis in France. In order to bring his country out of the darkness of backward orthodox rule, he would need to capture absolute power by crushing the nobility, build a standing army/navy, and expand Russia into an empire.
How were European rulers guided by Enlightenment thought?
Enlightened rulers must allow natural rights and nurture the arts, sciences, and education. Above all, they must obey and enforce the laws fairly for all subjects. Only strong monarchs could bring about enlightened reforms society needed. However, European rulers were chiefly guided by their own self-interests.
How were economic problems a contributing cause of the French Revolution?
The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the near collapse of the French budget, the bad harvest of 1787-1788, and a slowdown in manufacturing that led to food shortages, rising prices for food, and unemployment. Also, luxurious court spending contributed as well.
The Spainsh fell into major debt after the Armada he sent to defeat Elizabeth I in England. What Spain have to do inorder to pay off these debts?
Sell off their American Colonies.
Why might the overthrow of Protestantism in England have been important to Philip II?
When Elizabeth I established her control over the Church of England the small island kingdom became the leader of Protestantism in all of Europe. The armada that Philip II sent to England, and a successful invasion of England meant a successful overthrow of Protestantism. While Elizabeth I was in power, she would send aid to weaker nations or protestant groups fighting greater powers.
Why did Louis XIV advise his great-grandson not to imitate the ways of the Sun King?
Louis XIV left France surrounded by many enemies and much of France was left in poverty. He wanted his grandson to be strong, united, and peaceful for France. Under Louis XIV’s advice, his way of life would not accomplish that for France during the current age, so he advised his grandson to change or terrible is to come.
Although Catherine recognized Enlightenment principles, she did not make many reforms. Why?
Catherine knew that her success depended on the support of the Russian nobility, so to keep the noble’s support, she mentioned Enlightenment reforms for the serfs (Russian Peasants) and issued policies that favored landowning nobility.
What reasons did the peasants in France have to resent the Nobility?
The peasants were forced to owe nobles certain duties, paying fees for use of lord's properties, and every harvest they had to spend a certain number of days harvesting the nobilities’ fields.
Montesquieu preached the "separation of powers" in his book, The Spirit of Laws. Describe what Montesquieu meant by "separation of powers."
What might have happened in France if Henry IV had not issued the Edict of Nantes?
The thirty years of conflict between the Huguenots and Catholics may have never stopped until one side of them had perished. Also, the nobles could have been planning a rebellion against the crown to assassinate Henry IV had he not issued the Edict of Nantes.
How did the Scientific Revolution change people’s worldview?
People were concerned about how they could best understand the physical world. The result was the creation of the scientific method. With concepts of rationalism, inductive reasoning, and empiricism people changed their views by better understanding the natural world and understanding how this “human power” can be used to capture the wild natural world. This also influenced philosophers in the enlightenment and applied them to government and people known as social sciences.
Why were there conflicts on three continents (Europe, North America, and Asia)?
In Europe, the conflict began with the invasion of Austrian lands by the Prussian. In India and North America, the French and the British had battled for overseas territories and with the Treaty of Paris of 1763, the French gave up their lands in both areas making Great Britain the largest colonial power in the world.
What was the desired effect of the Reign of Terror?
The desired effect of the Reign of Terror would be for the Committee of Public Safety to defend France from domestic threats.
What was Thomas Hobbes's thoery on the nature of human beings?
Humans are born bad, and are birthed with the full capabilities of destruction, rebellion, and disorder.
What led to inflation during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Spain was the largest importer and overseas trader of the two centuries. Currency was circulated in silver in Europe which Spain had imported. The mines overseas had dried up, also coupled with Europe’s continued religious wars that were compiling major sums of debt.
How did the achievements of the Scientific Revolution influence the ideas of the Enlightenment?
The favorite aspect from the scientific revolution that enlightenment thinkers took was “reason.” By reason, these thinkers used the scientific method to understand all aspects of life, rather than just the physical world and nature.
What is meant by “division of powers,” and how was this an idea important to the creation of a new government?
The division of power is meant as stated by Montesquieu that powers are divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch had power to check, or restrain, acts of other branches. This idea was important because it disallowed one entity or small group of people from gaining too much power that would impede on individual liberties or natural rights.
Why did the National Convention choose to execute Robespierre in 1794?
By the summer of 1794, there was less need for the committee, but it continued and Robespierre continued to execute corruption in the French government, and he was believed to be able to overthrow the Convention. So, out of fear, they voted to execute him and stop the Reign of Terror.
Name the socials classes that made up the Three Estates in France. 1st Estate, 2nd Estate, and 3rd Estate.
1st, Clergy
2nd, Nobility
3rd, Bourgeoisie
How did the English Revolution influence political thought?
The revolution gave way to political thinkers on which role the government played for its people. Hobbes believed that government was in place to guide its people from destroying each other and upholding morals, while Locke believed that government was there to serve the people ist protection of natural rights and the people had the right to change the government if those rights were violated, or judge those individuals who did not protect those rights. This new wave of political thought was used as supporting theories in the American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence, and the US Constitution.
How are Montesquieu’s ideas still in use today?
His ideas of separation of powers and a system of checks and balances in government were put into practice, and are still used today, under the authority of the United States Constitution.
What were the causes of and influences on the American Revolution?
The causes in the colonies to revolt would be the British government exponentially increasing taxes to pay for overseas war costs and maintaining an army in America, for example, the Stamp Act. The influences of the Revolution would be key figures and their works: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence, and couple that with ideas from the Enlightenment like popular sovereignty.
Why did the French Revolution become more radical?
The local government in Paris—the commune, had a number of working-class leaders like Geogre Danton who put pressure on the National Convention to adopt more radical measures.
What was proven to be most effective in stopping Napoleon's Grand Army from conqouring all of the European Continent?
The Russian Winter