Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Which industry was the first to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution?
The textile industry
What document officially declared the American colonies independent from Britain?
The Declaration of Independence
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint Louverture
What was the name of Napoleon’s set of laws that reformed the French legal system?
The Napoleonic Code
What method did scientists develop to systematically test ideas?
The Scientific Method
What invention by James Watt significantly improved transportation and industry?
The steam engine
What was the name of the French social class system before the revolution?
The Estates System
What was the main cause of the Haitian Revolution
Enslaved people revolted against the brutal plantation system and French colonial rule
What military disaster weakened Napoleon’s army and led to his first exile?
The invasion of Russia in 1812
What Enlightenment philosopher argued that all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
What movement in Britain forced small farmers off their land and contributed to urbanization?
The Enclosure Movement
What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
The Storming of the Bastille
Who was known as "The Liberator" for his role in leading Latin American independence movements?
Simón Bolívar
What former French colony did Napoleon try to re-take in 1802?
Haiti
hat book did Montesquieu write that argued for the separation of powers in government?
The Spirit of the Laws
What economic system developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing private ownership and profit?
Capitalism
What was the purpose of the Reign of Terror?
To eliminate enemies of the Revolution and protect France from internal and external threats
What were the two social classes in Latin America that were of European descent but had different political rights?
Creoles and Peninsulares
Napoleon’s economic strategy against Britain
Continental System
What was Voltaire’s main contribution to Enlightenment thought?
His defense of freedom of speech and religious tolerance
What negative effect of industrialization led to the creation of labor unions?
Poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours
Who became a leading proponent of the Reign of Terror and was a leader of the Jacobins in the National Assembly?
Maximillian Robespierre
What was one major challenge that newly independent Latin American nations faced?
Political instability and the rise of caudillos
After escaping exile, Napoleon ruled France again for 100 days before being defeated at what battle?
Waterloo