EXPLORATION
God, Glory, Gold.
What were the “3 G’s” that motivated exploration?
What does the term “conquistador” mean in English?
Conqueror
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Old World and the New World.
Columbian Exchange
outside of death, due to disease and warfare, this was the next biggest issue native Americans faced during exploration/colonization
What is displacement, loss of land?
Exchange of goods, raw materials, and enslaved Africans between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What was the triangular trade?
this country sponsored Christopher Columbus’s first voyage in 1492
What is Spain?
Who conquered the Aztec Empire?
Cortés
Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cacao.
Crops that went from the Americas to Europe.
What religion did missionaries spread in the Americas?
Christianity
The horrific voyage enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic.
What was the Middle Passage?
Name ONE technological advancement that made long-distance sea travel possible in the 1400s.
Compass, astrolabe, caravels, or improved maps.
Who conquered the Inca Empire?
Pizarro
Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep.
Name ONE animal introduced to the Americas by Europeans.
Mixing of Spanish and Indigenous peoples, creating mixed race communities.
What is mestizo?
this economic system said colonies existed to benefit the mother country
Mercantilism
Europeans needed new routes to Asia for trade and wealth.
Why did exploration increase after 1400 when Asian trade routes closed?
Juan Ponce de León explored which region of North America?
Florida
Disease (smallpox, measles) → high death rates (up to 90%).
What was a negative effect of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?
Creoles
Who are people with Spanish parents born in America?
this labor system gave Spanish colonists land and Indigenous workers
encomienda system
Leif Erikson
Which Viking reached Newfoundland around 1000 CE but did not establish permanent colonies?
Spread of disease, destruction of civilizations, wealth for Spain, spread of Christianity, use of encomienda system.
Consequences of Spanish conquests in the Americas.
Improved diets and nutrition, population growth, longer life expectancy.
What was a major positive effect of the Columbian Exchange for Europe?
Blended religions, languages, and traditions
How did European settlement patterns lead to cultural blending?
Rise of plantation agriculture, slavery, resource exploitation, and integration into global trade.
Long-term economic effects of colonization on the Americas.