Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy
What is the relation between ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S?
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
What is the sign of ∆G here?
∆G < 0
What is the order of this rate law:
Rate = k[A][B]
Second Order
What is the definition of an electrophile?
An electron-deficient chemical species that can accept a lone pair
What is polarizability?
The ability of an atom to distribute its electron density unevenly in response to external influences.
A reaction with ∆G < 0 is considered ___
Spontaneous, Exergonic
Does this reaction favor products or reactants?
Reactants
The energy barrier a reaction must overcome to occur.
Energy of Activation / Activation Energy / Ea
In the lewis definition of acids and bases, acids are ___ while bases are ___.
How is a transition state drawn
[---- for bonds] ^ =|= railroad crossing thing
Why do electrons not occupy hybridized (sp3, sp2, etc.) orbitals in larger molecules?
Molecular Orbitals are lower in energy, and therefore more stable.
Label the transition states, intermediates, reactants, and products of this energy diagram:
Depends on diagram
The type of reaction who's energy diagram only has one transition stats.
Single-Step / Elementary
Label all electrophilic centers in this molecule:
HO-----(C=O)-------Cl
Carbonyl Carbon + C-Cl because of induction.
What is the equation relating ∆G and Keq?
∆G = -RTln(Keq)
Predict whether this reaction will happen spontaneously or not:
H2C=CH2 + H2 -> H3C-CH3
∆S < 0
In explosives, such as nitroglycerin, what must be true about ∆S, ∆H, and ∆G for the explosive to be effective?
∆S > 0, ∆H < 0, ∆G << 0
The rate-determining step is defined as this.
The slowest elementary step in a multi-step reaction.
Are all Bronsted-Lowry bases nucleophiles?
Yes
What is a homolytic bond cleavage?
When a bond breaks and give each molecule one electron, forming two radicals.
Predict the sign of ∆S: Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)
∆S > 0
Given Keq = 0, what can be determined about ∆G and the favoring of the reaction?
This reaction would be considered as not happening, and ∆G would be infinitely large.
What are fours ways to speed up a gas reaction, and how does each accomplish this?
Catalyst, lowers Ea
Increased reaction concentration & pressure & temperature, more collisions
In a backside nucleophilic attack, how can the nucleophile attack the electrophile if the electrophile doesn't have any empty orbitals
Antibonding MO
What is the difference between transition states and intermediates?
Transition state is an incredibly short-lived unstable arrangement of atoms
Intermediate is a real molecule that exists in a valley of the energy diagram