Components/structures
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? What do each consist of?
The central and peripheral nervous systems are the two main divisions of the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cords. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
What are dendrites and what is another name for them?
Dendrites or axons are extensions of cytoplasm.
What two structures protect the brain?
The meninges are membranes that surround and protect the brain. The cranium (skull) also protects the brain.
The middle layer of the meninges is the...
Arachnoid.
What is an arteriography (cerebral angiography)?
An anteriography is when a catheter (small tube) is inserted into an artery and threaded up to the carotid artery. Then a dye is injected through the catheter to show the cerebral blood vessels when x-rays are taken.
What is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system and what does it do?
The peripheral nervous system divides into the autonomic nervous system, which controls internal organs and other self-regulating body functions.
What is action potential?
Action potential occurs when a neuron is stimulated and the ions that move across its membrane changing the charge from most negative to mostly positive.
What are the divisions of the brain stem? & What are their functions?
The midbrain controls some of the reflex movements of the eyes and conducts impulses between the brain parts above and below it.
The pons help regulate breathing an are the reflex center for chewing tasting and secreting saliva
The medulla oblongata adjoins the spinal cord, influences the function of the heart, lungs, stomach secretions, and the size of opening in the blood vessels.
What are the spaces or cavities within the brain called and what do they do?
The spaces within the brain are called ventricles. They extend into the lobes of the cerebrum and other sections of the brain through small passageways.
What is the coma scale?
The glasscow coma scale is an assessment used to describe the level of consciousness?
How many types of neurons are there and what are their functions?
There are three types of neurons; sensory, motor, and internuncial neurons. They receive stimuli or impulses, transmit them to other neurons, and deliver response actions to muscles and glands.
What is the space between dendrites, which must be chemically jumped by an impulse called?
Synapse
What are the lobes of the brain? & What do they control?
The lobes of the brain are:
Occipital: controls vision
Parietal: sensory, motor, pain, heat, touch
Temporal: Hearing, and smelling
Frontal: controls emotions, personality, mortality, intellect, speech
What is the fluid that fills the cavities of the spinal cord and brain called? What is it's purpose?
The fluid that fills the cavities of the spinal cord and brain is called the cerebrospinal fluid. It acts as a watery cushion or shock absorber to provide additional protection for the delicate tissues of CNS, and transports carbohydrates and proteins to the brain and spinal cord.
What does CAT scan stand for and what does it do?
CAT scan stands for computerized axial tomography scan and is a series of X-rays of layers of the brain to construct a three-dimensional picture. It's used for identifying tumors, blood clots, bleeding, decrease in brain size and edema.
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do?
The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system accelerates activity in the smooth, involuntary muscles of internal organs. The parasympathetic nervous system reverses the affect of the sympathetic nervous system and slows down activity of the smooth, involuntary muscles in internal organs.
They balance each other and maintain homeostasis in the body.
nerve cells that control both motor and sensory functions and are located in the spinal cord.
What is the innermost layer of the meninges called and what does it do?
The piamater is the innermost membrane layer of the meninges and contains blood vessels to nourish the nerve tissue.
What is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid?
The subdural space is the space between the arachnoid and dura mater.
What does EEG stand for and what does it do?
What are the five parts of the brain? & What are their functions? (name 2-3 of each)
The five parts of the brain are the cerebrum, which controls sensory and motor activity,
the cerebellum, which controls smooth muscle movement, muscles tone, and coordination of sensory impulses with muscular activities, particularly equilibrium for walking, dancing,
the brain stem, which relays impulses and eye reflexes Conduct impulses, and controls breathing, chewing, taste,
the thalamus, which acts as a relay station for impulses going to and from the brain as well as impulses from the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.
the hypothalamus, which controls the autonomic nervous system, controls blood pressure, maintains body temperature, regulates thirst to maintain normal water balance, helps regulate appetite, increases motility and secretions in the intestinal tract, partially controls emotions, helps maintain wakefulness when necessary
What is a bulge on the posterior root and contains sensory nerve cell bodies?
A ganglion.
What is the outermost layer of the meninges? How does it help the CNS?
The outermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater, a tough fibrous tissue that protects the CNS from being damaged from contact with bony surfaces of the skull and spine.
What is the space in between the arachnoid and piamater?
The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and the piamater.
What does EMG stand for and what does it do?
EMG stands for electromyography and it demonstrates the electrical activity of the peripheral muscles when activated.