Central Nervous System
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura Mater - Outer layer
Arachnoid Mater - Middle Layer
Pia Mater - Inner layer
In the Spinal cord, is white matter superficial or deep? What about gray matter?
White matter is superficial
Gray Matter is deep
What show currently holds Netflix's all time viewership record?
Squid Game
What is the receptor type that senses light?
What about the receptors that sense temperature?
What about the receptors that sense chemicals?
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 - Pancreas doesn't produce Insulin
TYpe 2 - Body cells are not sensitive enough to Insulin
What does the embryonic hindbrain become in the adult?
Brainstem and Cerebellum
Who was the highest paid actor in 2022, according to Forbes?
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, making $270,000,000.
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
Cranial nerves I, II, VIII
All sensations throughout the body (Except smell) are carried up to the brain and are carried through a particular structure. What structure receives all sensations (Except smell)?
Thalamus
What is the main hormone secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?
What Pituitary hormone causes it to be secreted?
What are the hormones released by the Adrenal Medulla?
Cortisol
ACTH
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Trace the journey that a red blood cell will take through the brain starting at the Subclavian Artery and ending in the Jugular Vein.
Blood Ascends from the Subclavian Artery to the Vertebral Artery > This becomes the Basilar artery and enters the Circle of Willis > This then goes through one of the cerebral arteries to the tissues of the brain > then the venous blood enters the dural sinuses and drains into the jugular veins and out of the head.
Describe the Withdrawal Reflex and the Crossed Extensor Reflex
Withdrawal: Due to a painful stimulus in a limb, flexors in that limb are activated and extensors in that same limb are inhibited.
Crossed Extensor: When the withdrawal reflex occurs, the contralateral limb's extensor muscles will be activated.
What brain waves are prevalent during sleep?
Delta and Theta
I am a sound wave entering the external ear. Trace my journey from here until I exit the inner ear in the production of sound.
Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane, which transmits vibrations to the Malleus > Incus > Stapes > Oval Window > Scala Vestibuli > Scala Tympani > Round Window.
The thyroid gland produces a hormone that is responsible for altering the blood calcium levels by activating certain cells within the bone.
What is the name of this hormone?
What is the cell in the bone that is activated by this hormone?
What will be the effect of this hormone on the blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
Activates Osteoblasts
This causes the blood calcium levels to decrease.
What is the name of the part of the brain that contains the Caudate Nucleus?
What neurotransmitter is most prevalent in this brain region?
Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems both have a unique neural network consisting of a Preganglionic neuron and a Postganglionic neuron. What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? Generally speaking.
What neurotransmitters are released by each?
Sympathetic: Generally speaking, has a short Preganglionic neuron and a long Postgangionic Neuron
Parasympathetic: Generally had a long Pregangionic neuron and a short Postganglionic neuron.
All of these neurons release the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, except for the Postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system - which releases Norepinephrine.
A man got bitten in the face by a python and is no longer able to lift his right eyelid. Which cranial nerve is likely affected by this injury?
CN III
When the sympathetic nervous system activates the iris, will the radial muscles or circular muscles of the iris be contracted?
Radial Muscles will be contracted, pupil will be dilated.
What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
What causes these hormones to be secreted?
What are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
What do each of these hormones do?
Anterior Pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH
Released as a result of releasing hormones, or release-inhibiting hormones from the Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary: ADH, Oxytocin
A man is being seen by his neurologist for chronic care. He had a tumor removed from the fourth ventricle of his brain years prior but has issues with muscle coordination that have improved greatly since the surgery but has some residual issues with coordination. What part of the brain was likely compressed/manipulated during surgery?
Cerebellum
A woman comes into the ED with excruciating pain in her right upper quadrant of her abdomen as well as Pain in her back on the right side. After obtaining imaging studies it was found that her pain was due to gallstones obstructing the emptying of her gallbladder. Why did she have back pain?
Referred Pain
Due to the nerves from her gallbladder and the nerves providing sensation to the right side of her back both enter the spinal cord at the same nerve.
A teenage girl comes into the instacare after half of the muscles in her face have become paralyzed. She still has full sensation of the face, but is unable to move any of the muscles in the left side of her face voluntarily.
What cranial nerve is affected in this individual?
CN VII - Facial Nerve
Explain the knee-jerk reflex in detail.
Reflex hammer strikes patellar tendon, which causes a tiny stretch in the Golgi Tendon Organ (a receptor that senses stretch of the muscle). This activation causes a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscles - which results in a knee-jerk.
A child with many developmental disorders is hospitalized and is under your care. While you are watching them their blood glucose decreases sharply. What are some interventions that you could do to raise their blood glucose to a normal range quickly?
Give Glucose enterally
Give IV Dextrose
Give IV Glucagon