Empires & Emergence of World Powers
Accelerated the British-German naval race, telegram sent from Kaiser Wilhelm II to Boer President congratulating them on repelling the Jameson Raid (British). Outraged the Brits, and showed how Int'l relations were souring before the 1920's
Kruger Telegram (1896)
Territorial conflict between Finland and Sweden, one of the Leagues first successes. In giving the islands to Finland but guaranteeing Swedish cultural rights, it showed the League was able to solve smaller border disputes.
Aaland Islands Dispute (1921)
Payments imposed on Germany by Western Powers in the Treaty of Versailles to compensate for allied war damages. Caused hyperinflation in Germany, the Ruhr occupation, and the enactment of the Dawes and Younge Plans.
Japanese ultimatum to China during WWI, demanding economic and political rights in Manchuria. China was forced to accept, and it led to the May 4th Movement and rise of Chinese Nationalism
Twenty-One Demands (1915)
Series of diplomatic notes from US Secretary of State John Hay calling for equal trading rights in China and the preservation of Chinese territorial integrity. Became the cornerstone of US policy towards China until 1949.
Open Door Policy
Alignment of Britain, France, and Russia. Not a formal military alliance, but created mutual support/cooperation. Led to the polarization of Europe with the competing Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Economic conference aimed at stabilizing currencies and restoring European trade. Collapsed over reparation disagreements and resulted in the Rapallo Treaty (German-Soviet alliance).
Genoa Conference (1922)
Mussolini's defiance of the League of Nations, occupying this Greek Island after the murder of an Italian general. Britain and France pressured Italy to withdraw, but allowed Italy to keep it's indemnity (kept Italy from financial harm). Displayed a major weakness of the League.
Corfu Incident (1923)
Conflict between Japanese and Chinese troops near Beijing in 1937 that escalated into full scale war. Japan used this as a pretext for invading northern China and led to the fall of Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing. Marks the beginning of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War.
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Sparked by the USS Maine explosion and rise of Yellow Journalism. US defeated Spain in 4 months, gave USA control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba with the Treaty of Paris.
Spanish American War
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, said USA was an "international police power" in the Western Hemisphere and justified economic imperialism, most notably in Latin America.
Roosevelt Corollary
Nation states created from the collapse of Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires that included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, and Hungary. Resulted in disputed borders and ethnic minorities that led to instability in Eastern Europe.
Successor States
Formal military alliance between Germany and Italy committing to fight for eachother. It completed the Axis alignment and led to European war.
Pact of Steel
Founded by Sun Yat-Sen and led by Chiang Kai Shek afterwards, committed to nationalism, democracy, and livelihood in China. Established the Nanjing Gov't, though it's authoritarian rule cost it peasant support by 1949.
Kuomintang (KMT)
Remote Shaanxi base that became the CCP capital in China following the Long March. Here, Mao developed rectification campaigns and guerilla warfare tactic and became the cradle of the eventual CCP victory in China
Yan'an
Period of revolution that overthrew Japanese gov't and restored power to the Japanese emperor. Led to rapid modernization, adoption of Western technology that led to the defeat of China in 1895 and Russia in 1905.
Meiji Restoration
Treaty between Weimar Germany and Russia that included diplomatic recognition, secret German rearmament on Russian soil and cancellation of mutual war claims. It bypassed Versailles restrictions and alarmed Western Powers
Rapallo Pact (1922)
League inquiry that to 9 months to investigate Manchuria. It rejected Japan's claim of self defense and recommended Chinese sovereignty of Manchuria. Led to Japan's rejection of the report, and proved the League would only investigate and not act.
Lytton Report (1932)
Chiang Kai Shek's purge of CCP members in Shanghai in April of 1927. Began a 10 year civil war between Nationalists and Communists and forced CCP into rural areas and guerilla tactics.
Shanghai Massacre (1927)
19th century ideology promoting unity of Slavic peoples under Russian rule. Encourage Russian support of Serbia against Austria Hungary, and led to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand by this Nationalist group and aided in triggering WWI
Pan-Slavism
Berlin Conference rule that claim to African territory was only valid if other signatories agreed and they exercised real control. It stopped "paper" annexations and favored stronger military/industrial powers who had the ability to build railroads.
Effective Occupation
Specialized bodies like the Int'l Labor Organization, the Health organization, and the Mandates Commission that operated for the League out of the public eye. Achieved genuine success contrasting with the political failures of the League as a whole.
League Agencies.
Agreement between Germany & Japan (also Italy) directed international Communists. It was an ideological alignment against Soviet Union and Western alliances, paving the way for the Axis powers.
Anti-Commintern Pact (1936)
Kidnapping of Chiang Kai Shek by his own generals in Dec. 1936, to force an anti Japanese alliance with the CCP. Ended the Chinese Civil War and created the 2nd United front between Nationalists and Communists
Xi'an Incident
1.) Absence of USA, Germany, Russia
2.) Lack of an armed military force to enforce it's rulings