Mechanism Mayhem
These agents bind to and inactivate beta-lactamases to protect antibiotics that are substrates for these enzymes.
What are Beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam)?
These compounds increase the metabolism of other drugs affecting therapeutic effects.
What are enzyme inducers (rifampin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine)?
This anticoagulant is a vitamin K antagonist that is contraindicated in pregnant patients?
What is warfarin?
These acid-reducing agents competitively inhibit H2 receptors and can be identified by this shared suffix.
What are H2 antagonists (e.g., cimeTIDINE, famoTIDINE, and nizaTIDINE)?
Time in hours it takes for an agent to reach 1/2 of its original concentration in the body.
What is half-life?
These three agents are penicillins with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
What is carbenicillin, ticarcillin, or piperacillin?
This drug, at high doses, depletes hepatic glutathione stores and can lead to liver necrosis.
What is acetaminophen?
This antibiotic class should be avoided in newborns or infants less than 2 months, as well as pregnant patients at term due to kernicterus.
What are sulfonamide antibiotics?
This antibiotic binds irreversibly to a site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis.
What is erythromycin (also clarithromycin, azithromycin, telithromycin)?
The fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
What is Bioavailability?
Activates plasminogen that is bound to fibrin in a thrombus.
What is Alteplase?
This durg induces hepatic mixed-function oxidases leading to reduced half-lives and drug interactions.
What is rifampin?
These antimicrobial agents may prolong the QT interval and should not be used in patients with arrhythmias.
What are fluoroquinolones?
This antibiotic binds reversibly to the 30S subunit on the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
What is tetracycline?
In this process, a drug moves from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration across membranes.
What is passive diffusion?
This class of agents are thought to lower insulin resistance through targeting peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR).
What are the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone)?
This antidiabetic agent is poorly absorbed and is metabolized mainly by intestinal bacteria.
What is acarbose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)?
This agent is a prostaglandin agonist and carries a black box warning of pregnancy category X.
What is misoprostol?
This drug binds to antithrombin III to accelerate the action of antithrombin with thrombin and factor Xa.
What is heparin?
The graphical visualization of total drug exposure over a period of time is also know as _______.
What is AUC (area under the curve)?
These two synthetic agents can control or limit fibrinolytic action.
What are aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid?
This agent is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor whose dose should be reduced in the presence of CYP450 3A4 or 3A5 inhibitors, like clarithromycin or nelfinavir. (*DOUBLE JEOPARDY*)
What is saxagliptin?
Antimicrobial category that should be avoided in patients with hepatic dysfunction?
What are the macrolide antibiotics?
These two agents are selective inhibitors of the cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor.
What are montelukast and zafirlukast?
These are the three primary processes invovled in drug elimination via the kidneys.
What are glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and passive tubular reabsorption?