AKI
What is the KDIGO definition of acute kidney injury based on serum creatinine and urine output?
↑ Serum creatinine 26 mol within 48hrs
↑ Serum creatinine to ≥ 1.5× baseline within 7 days, OR
Urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for ≥6 hours
What is pre-renal acute kidney injury?
Decreased renal perfusion with intact renal parenchyma, often due to hypovolemia.
What is the criteria for diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A persistent reduction in kidney function defined as eGFR <60 on 2 separate occasions or evidence of kidney damage for ≥3 months
A patient with septic shock develops AKI. Urine microscopy shows muddy brown granular casts.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
acute tubular necrosis
What is the triad for nephrotic syndrome
proteinuria
oedema
hypoalbuminanemia
What are diabetes mellitus and hypertension?
two most common causes of CKD worldwide
A 70-kg patient has a baseline creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL.
48 hours later, creatinine is 2.2 mg/dL, and urine output is 400 mL over 24 hours.
What is the KDIGO stage of AKI?
stage 2
low urea: creatinine ratio
How is 1-α-hydroxylase relevant in CKD?
A CKD patient has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated PTH, and low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D due to loss of this renal enzyme.
A hospitalised patient develops AKI 7 days and a new rash after starting a new antibiotic. What will you see in their urine and peripheral blood film?
WBC casts
eosinophilia
What AKI responds to a fluid challenge?
Pre renal responds to this treatment
When is ACR used instead of CKD?
For detecting early CKD, assessing risk of CVD or to guide use of an ACEi
What is used to treat the most common type of glomerulonephritis?
corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide
A patient comes in with blood in their urine and has a rash over their face sparing the nasolabial folds. What syndrome do they have?
Some presenting with nephritic syndrome as they have …
What are the 2 exceptions for bilaterally enlarged kidneys?