Aldehydes and Ketone

benzene

100

Synthesis of Phenylethanol (2-Phenylethanol)

Starting Material: Benzene

Step 1:
C₆H₆ + CH₃CH₂Cl → C₆H₅CH₂CH₃
(Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)

Step 2:
C₆H₅CH₂CH₃ → C₆H₅CH₂CHO
(Oxidation)

Step 3:

C₆H₅CH₂CHO + [H] → C₆H₅CH₂CH₂OH

(Reduction)

200

Synthesis of Cyclohexanone

Starting Material: Benzene

Step 1:
C₆H₆ + 3H₂ → C₆H₁₂
(Hydrogenation)

Step 2:
C₆H₁₂ + [O] → C₆H₁₁OH
(Oxidation)

Step 3:

C₆H₁₁OH + [O] → C₆H₁₀O

(Further Oxidation)

300

Synthesis of Benzyl Methyl Ketone 

Starting Material: Benzene

C₆H₆ + CH₃COCl → C₆H₅COCH₃
(Friedel-Crafts Acylation)

hydrocarbon

100

Synthesis of secondary alcohol

Starting Material: hexene

Step 1:
CH₃-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ + H₂O → BrCH₂CH₂Br
(Hydration)

200

Synthesis of Propanoic Acid from Propene

Starting Material: Propene

Step 1:
CH₃CH=CH₂ + H₂O → CH₃CH(OH)CH₃
(Hydration)

Step 2:
CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ + [O] → CH₃COCH₃
(Oxidation)

Step 3:

CH₃COCH₃ + 2[O] → CH₃CH₂COOH

(Further Oxidation)

300

Synthesis of Hexan-2-one

Starting Material: Hex-2-yne

Step 1:
CH₃C≡CCH₂CH₂CH₃ + H₂ → CH₃CH=CHCH₂CH₂CH₃
(Partial Hydrogenation)

Step 2:

CH₃CH=CHCH₂CH₂CH₃ + [O] → CH₃COCH₂CH₂CH₃

(Oxidation)

hydroxyl groups

100

Synthesis of Halogenoalkane

Starting Material: Butanol

Step 1:
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + PBr₃ → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br
(Halogenation)

200

Synthesis of Propanoic Acid from Propene

Starting Material: Propene

Step 1:
CH₃CH=CH₂ + H₂O → CH₃CH(OH)CH₃
(Hydration)

Step 2:
CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ + [O] → CH₃COCH₃
(Oxidation)

Step 3:

CH₃COCH₃ + 2[O] → CH₃CH₂COOH

(Further Oxidation)

300

Synthesis of 3-Hydroxypropanoic Acid

Starting Material: Acrylic Acid (Prop-2-enoic Acid)

CH₂=CHCOOH + H₂O → HOCH₂CH₂COOH
(Hydration)

carbonyl groups

100

Synthesis carboxylic acids

Starting material: primary alcolhol

oxidation under reflux

200

Synthesis Ethoxide

Starting material: Ethanoic acid

Esterification with ethanol

Reaction with alkaline

CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ + NaOH => CH₃COO^-Na⁺ + 

300

Synthesis Hydroxynitrile

Nucleophilic addition of aldehydes with HCN

amine group

100

Synthesis of Propylamine (1-Propanamine)

Starting Material: Chloropropane

reaction of a primary alkyl bromide with a large excess of ammonia via 

 

substitution reactions

2CH3CH2Br+NH3(large excess)⟶CH3CH2NH2+NH(+)4Br(–)

200

Synthesis of Butylamine (1-Butanamine)

Starting Material: Butanol

Step 1:
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + PBr₃ → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br
(Halogenation)

Step 2:

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br + NH₃ → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂ + HBr

(Nucleophilic Substitution)

300

Synthesis of aspirin

see pic