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French Policies in Algeria
British Policies in India
Factors Causing Indian Independence Movement
Factors Causing Algerian Independence
Primary Sources
100
British had been in India since the 1700s – controlled mostly by the East India Company, colony established for spices, trade and economy
What is British Imperialism in India?
100
British had been in India since the 1700s – controlled mostly by the East India Company, colony established for spices, trade and economy
What is British Imperialism in India?
100
They learned the western canon (very much like your own education) – learn the French and American Revolutions, English constitutional system, philosophies about rights of man (John Locke, etc.)
What did Indian elites study in the British system?
100
Europeans held about 30% of the total arable land, including the bulk of the most fertile land and most of the areas under irrigation. By 1900, Europeans produced more than 2/3 of agricultural goods and exports supplying European market with wine, citrus, olives, and vegetables.
How did agricultural inequality lead to a move to independence?
100
Soul force.
What is satyagraha?
200
under the pretext of eradicating piracy in the Mediterranean
Why did France initially say that they were colonizing Algeria?
200
Extremely diverse population with a vast, deep history; Extremely diverse linguistically, religiously and ethnically Example North Urdu speaking, mostly Muslim; Shiks up north with own culture religion; Hindus in the South but all with different languages; Bengali in the east
Why was English as the common language for administrative and education purposes?
200
French citizens, colons, had the right to vote in French elections, run governments in French districts and possessed a great deal of provincial autonomy
How did Franco-Algerians have more local government power than the French at home?
200
i. Disrespect to French officials or French representatives ii. Not answering a question by French officials iii. Traveling without a permit iv. Avoiding corvee – forced labor requirements
What are examples of punishments under the indigenous code?
200
Communism.
What is the basis of much of Roy's writings about Indian independence?
300
They were French indigenes were encouraged to own land and resources to keep resources within French Empire
Who were the colons or pied noirs?
300
Thus, double identity for those educated the colonial system – above other Indians, but inferior to Brits and also aware of the rights they lacked → where independence leaders came from this group
How did the system of British education create those individuals who would become independence leaders?
300
British however were broke, tired at the end of the war; had fought war against fascism and tyranny, begin to liquidate their Empire
How did WWII contribute to the decline of the British empire?
300
Enabled French authorities to place a large, alien population under their rule through a legal separation and a practice of indirect institutions to substitute for a tiny French governing force
Why did the French divide the population in three segments (European, Mixed community, Native community)?
300
The creation of a separate country, Pakistan.
What does Jinnah think is necessary to protect the rights of Muslims in India?
400
Indiginous code, set of laws to create separate legal status for native population – comparisons can be made with Jim Crow or the Aparthied in South Africa
What is the Code de indigenat?
400
British general fired on peaceful protestors killing 379
What is the Armitsar Massacre?
400
Indians fought for British – went home expecting to be rewarded but were not; also, rhetoric of 14 Pts and “self-determination” began to hit home
How did WWI contribute to a drive for independence?
400
c. Higher taxes imposed on Muslims than on Europeans. The Muslims, in addition to paying traditional taxes dating from before the French conquest, also paid new taxes, from which the colons were normally exempted. In 1909, for instance, Muslims, who made up almost 90% of the population but produced 20% of Algeria's income, paid 70% of direct taxes and 45% of the total taxes collected.
What are tax divisions within Algeria?
400
The removal of all hope.
What does source C state is a fundamental part of torture?
500
Within a generation, a class of well-educated, gallicized Muslims — the évolués (literally, the evolved ones) — had been created. Almost all of the handful of Muslims who accepted French citizenship were évolués; ironically, this privileged group of Muslims, strongly influenced by French culture and political attitudes, developed a new Algerian self-consciousness
What was the result of the French educational policy in Algeria?
500
Leaders of the Indian Independence movement.
Who are Jinnah, Roy, Gandhi, and Nehru?
500
United Hindu Indian nationalists and sparked mass protest – previously, movement had been pro western elites who wanted gradual change from the British; this made it more of a mass movement, set up forms of protest for later independence struggles
What is the partition of Bengal?
500
Comparisons can be made with Jim Crow or the Aparthied in South Africa
What can be compared to the code de indigenat in Algeria?
500
Stolen from the natives during 15 years of conquest were: 18 million lambs, three million oxen, almost a million dromedaries, and... 300 villages were burned.
What are the grievances that Hadj states against the French?