Research
A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is
A. a projective measure
B. unacceptable for use in standardized testing
C. a speed test
D. a Likert Scale
D. a Likert Scale
Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means
A. 2.5 SD below the mean
B. 2.4 SD above the mean
a CEB score of 500
D. -.05% of the populations falls within this area of the curve
A. 2.5 SD below the mean
In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?
A. Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test
B. Wilcoxon signed- rank test for matched pairs
C. Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test
D. All of the above are nonparametric measures
D. All of the above are nonparametric measures
A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to life. This is known as
A. the Hawthorne effect
B. the Halo effect
C. the placebo effect
D. the learned helplessness syndrome
C. the placebo effect
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that
A. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment
B. her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research
C. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling
D. her research will be correlational
C. She could accomplish this using systematic sampling
A. the researcher manipulates the IV
B. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV
C. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables
D. the researcher will rely on a 2x3 factorial design
C. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables
The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as
A. 1 SD above the mean
B. 1 SD below the mean
C. the same as a so-called t-score
D. the median score of if the population is normal
A. 1 SD above the mean
The oridnal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be
A. a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race
B. an IQ score of 111
C. the weight of an Olympic barbell set
D. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit
A. a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race
The y axis is used to plot the frequency of DVs. The y axis could also be called the ____ on your exam.
A. ordinate
B. abscissa
C. IV
D. horizontal axis
A. ordinate
A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using
A. deductive logic
B. inductive logic
C. an empathic assertion
D. as I statement
A. Deductive logic
A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research
A. the ratio scale is the most practical
B. all true studies utilize the ratio scale
C. A and B
D. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale
D. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale
The variance is a measure of the dispersion of scores around some measures of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then
A. the average score of the test would be 122
B. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115
C. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115
D. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115
D. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115
There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the oridnal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
A. A horse categorized as a second-place winner in a show
B. a DSM or ICD diagnostic category
C. An IQ score 111
D. the weight of an Olympic barbell set
B. a DSM or ICD diagnostic category
Define inductive and deductive logic or reasoning.
Inductive- the research goes from the specific to a generalization
Deductive- (sounds like "reductive") reduces the general to the specific.
A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a
A. histogram
B. sociogram
C. genogram
D. genus
A. histogram
In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?
A. Standard (i.e.., simple) random sampling is adequate
B. Cluster sampling is called for
C. Stratified sampling would be best
D. Horizontal sampling is required
C. Stratified sampling would be best
The variance is a measure of the dispersion of scores around some measures of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. One could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within
A. +/- 1 SD of the mean
B. the average IQ range
C. an IQ score which is more that 2 SD above the mean
D. +/- 2 SD of the mean
D. +/- 2 SD of the mean
The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be
A. 61
B. 77
C. 59
D. more information is necessary
A. 61
An operational definition
A. outlines a procedure
B. is theoretical
C. outlines a construct
D. is synonymous with the word axiom
A. outlines a procedure
A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of
A. Deductive log or reasoning
B. Inductive logic or reasoning
C. attrition or so-called experimental mortality
D. construct validity
B. Inductive logic or reasoning
A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like
A. the upper half of a bowling ball
B. the normal distribution
C. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa
D. a camel's back
C. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa
Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know
A. the range of scores in his class
B. the standard deviation
C. the standard error of measurement (SEM)
D. the mode for the test
C. the standard error of measurement (SEM)
If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that
A. the curve will be normal
B. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell
C. the researcher is working with two distinct populations
D. the research is useless in the field of counseling
C. the researcher is working with two distinct populations
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could also be called the ___ on your exam.
A. y axis
B. abscissa
C. DV
D. vertical axis
B. abscissa
A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes an individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be
A. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class
B. smaller in the afternoon class
C. impossible to speculate about without more data
D. nearly the same in either class
A. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class