The Great War
Why did the war happen? Who consisted of the Triple Alliance (the Central powers) and the Triple Entente (the Allied powers)?
How much did the war cost america?
What happened after it ended?
1. Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia had long been competing for global colonies and markets. Such competition triggered a furious arms race that led to the creation of competing military alliances.
America joined as.. RUSSIA TOOK DOWN AMERICA SHIPS... The Zimmerman Telegram..In March 1917, German submarines torpedoed five U.S. ships in the North Atlantic. For Woodrow Wilson, this was the last straw. On April 2, he asked Congress to declare war against the German Empire and its allies.
2. CENTRAL: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire)
3. ALLIED: France, Great Britain, Russia, and, later, Italy. (America joined later in 1917).
4. 30 Billion.
5. Wilson developed what would come to be called the Fourteen Points, a comprehensive list of provisions intended to shape the peace treaty and reshape the postwar world.
6. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ended World War I and imposed harsh penalties on Germany.
7. When Adolf Hitler, then a German soldier, learned of the Treaty of Versailles’s provisions, he vowed a ghastly and pitiless revenge.
8. Beginning in 1918, the world confronted an infectious enemy that produced far more casualties than the war itself. SPANISH FLU.
The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 Red Cross volunteers made white gauze face masks in response to the mandatory masking protocol during the pandemic in 1918.
What was the Great Migration?
1. the mass movement of Black Americans from the rural South to the North, due to a demand for industrial labor and a disruption of European immigration
What was the Sandwich Man?
What was the Espionage Act alongside the Sedition Act?
Who went to prison bc of it?
1. An American man with America colors with a sign on the front and back. To illustrate America’s hypocritical brand of neutrality, this political cartoon shows Uncle Sam wearing a sandwich board that advertises the nation’s conflicting desires.
2. The Espionage Act of 1917 made it a crime to interfere with the war effort or share military secrets, while the Sedition Act of 1918 amended it to specifically criminalize a wider range of dissent, including "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag, or military.
3. Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, a militant pacifist, was convicted under the Espionage Act simply for opposing the war and was sentenced to ten years in prison.
The president at this time and what was his factors in the war (name 3).
Was he alike to Roosevelt about war?
What happened to him after the Treaty of versalises failed ?
1. Woodrow Wilson. He was not like Roosevelt who loved war, he was a pacifist that declared america was too proud to fight in europe's war.
2. the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912 brought to the White House a self-righteous moralist determined to impose his standards on what he saw as renegade nations. This made the startling outbreak of the “Great War” in Europe in 1914 a profound crisis for the United States.
3. Woodrow wanted to keep America out of the World War! For almost three years, President Wilson maintained America’s stance of “neutrality” toward the war while providing increasing amounts of food and supplies to Great Britain and France. In 1917, however, German submarine attacks on U.S. ships forced Congress to declare war.
4. He then served as the Commander-in-Chief, oversaw the war effort with the Committee on Public Information for propaganda, and proposed his Fourteen Points for peace and the creation of the League of Nations. His administration also supported the Espionage Act and Sedition Act, which restricted free speech during the war.
5. After failing to convince Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson set out on a national tour to win over the American people (100 people). Pictured here in St. Paul, Minnesota, Wilson would collapse from a stroke and exhaustion fourteen days later.
A defensive advantage that gave weaponry better options. How deep? It resulted in this and ******** land.
Trench warfare is a type of combat where soldiers fight from defensive ditches, or trenches, that can stretch for miles. UP TO 40 FEET DEEP. he coast of Belgium some 460 miles across northeastern France to the border of Switzerland.
The resulting "no man's land" between opposing trench systems was a dangerous area, filled with barbed wire, and exposed soldiers to disease, trench foot, and constant shelling.
What was the Western Front?
How did America help?
1. BATTLE LINE. the main battleground of World War I, a 700-kilometer trench line from the Belgian-Dutch border to the Swiss border.
2. In 1917, America’s war strategy focused on helping the French and British armies on the Western Front.
3. French premier Georges Clemenceau urged the Americans to rush their army, called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), to France. “A terrible blow is imminent,”
The War had Segregation?
Who was a poet that wrote for the blacks?
1. Segregation in the Military
Most African American recruits served in technical and supply units because Whites believed them unfit for combat, despite Black military contributions since the Revolution. Here, combat personnel of the 92nd Infantry Division (one of the few “colored” divisions sent overseas) march in Verdun, France.
2. Poet Langston Hughes
spoke for many Blacks when he wrote that he was “fed up / With Jim Crow laws, / People who are cruel / And afraid, / Who lynch and run, / Who are scared of me / And me of them.”
3. Over time, the transplanted African Americans built new lives, new churches, new communities, new families, and even new cultures.
What was the National Defense Act?
Despite opposition, Congress in 1916 passed the National Defense Act, which provided for the expansion of the U.S. Army from 90,000 to 223,000 men over the next five years.
How did the American's react?
Who was the American hero?
1. When Americans learned of war erupting in Europe, shock mingled with relief that a wide ocean stood between them and the horrific fighting.
2. That most Americans wanted to stay out of the fighting did not keep them from choosing sides. More than a third of the nation’s citizens were first- or second-generation immigrants still loyal to their homelands.
3. For the most part, these groups supported the Central Powers, while others, largely of British origin, supported the Allied Powers.
4. American hero. YORK. Deadly Accuracy in shooting. RECIEVED THE congressional Medal of Honor. Among the soldiers in France, one stood out: Sergeant Alvin York, an American originally from a deeply religious, dirt-poor family in the Tennessee mountains.
What was a result of the Battle of Verdun
The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north of Verdun.
During the Battle of Verdun in northeastern France, which lasted from February to December 1916, some 32 million artillery shells streaked across the landscape—1,500 shells for every square yard of the battlefield
The Great War was an..
What was the kill rate?
1. Industrial War that had used machine guns, submarines, poison gas, flame throwers, aerial bombing, land mines, mortars, etc.
2. Of the approximately 70 million soldiers and sailors who fought on both sides, more than half were killed, wounded, imprisoned, or unaccounted for. It was the mechanized weaponry that made possible such mass killing on an “industrial” scale—the same scale on which items were massproduced in an industrial economy.
What was the Jones Act?
Some places didnt allow Mexicans, who illegally joined with a change of name? What happened to him?
1. a bill of rights for Puerto Rico, separated its government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and made English its official language.
2. Yet it did not allow Puerto Ricans to vote in U.S. elections or give them representation in Congress.
3. The Jones Act did, however, allow Puerto Rican men to be drafted into the military.
4. Hernandez became the first person of Mexican descent in the U.S. Army to win the Congressional Medal of Honor.
What was the Revenue Act of 1916?
What was the purpose of it?
1. The Revenue Act of 1916 doubled the income tax rate from 1 to 2 percent, created a 12.5 percent tax on munitions makers, and added a tax on “excessive” corporate profits.
2. The new taxes were the culmination of the progressive legislation that Wilson had approved to strengthen his chances in the upcoming presidential election
poster of a woman in america attire sleeping on a chair:
1. Wake Up America! Political cartoonist James Montgomery Flagg created this poster featuring actress Mary Arthur as Columbia, who is the personification of liberty and America, encouraging her to wake up in response to the United States entering World War 1.
What was the use of Submarines?
How did the United state react?
1. TO ATTACK CIVILIANS MOSTLY BY GERMANS. The German use of submarines, or U-boats (Unterseeboot in German), violated the long-established wartime custom of stopping an enemy vessel and allowing the passengers and crew to board lifeboats before sinking it. During 1915, German U-boats sank 227 British ships in the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea
2. Then, on May 7, 1915, a German submarine off the Irish coast fired a single torpedo that sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ocean liner in the world. Of the 1,198 persons on board who died, 128 were Americans. Fifty of the dead were infants.
3. The United States called the attacks “an indefensible violation of neutral rights,” and President Wilson warned that he would hold Germany to “strict accountability” for the loss of lives and property.
The sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, resulted in the deaths of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, violating established wartime customs.
The U.S. condemned the act as a severe breach of neutral rights, with President Wilson demanding accountability. While some, like Theodore Roosevelt, called for war, Wilson advocated for patience.
Following the incident, Secretary of State Bryan insisted on an end to unrestricted submarine warfare, but resigned due to Wilson's perceived pro-British bias.
In response to international outrage, Germany ordered U-boat captains to cease attacks on passenger ships.
Who needed loans from American Banks? Who tried to go behind Wilson's back to operate this and what did Wilson do when he found out?
Britain and France needed loans from U.S. banks and “credits” from the U.S. government, which would allow them to pay for their purchases later.
2. William Jennings Bryan & J. Pierpont Morgan (the world's richest banker) They found it was inconsistent to aid those in war. "inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality.”
3. Upon his return to the White House, an angry Wilson removed all restrictions on loans to the warring nations. The president was determined that America avoid the war’s horrors while reaping its economic benefits.
At the Munitions Factory, How was American Women treated?
At the Munitions Factory The government urged women to play crucial roles in the war effort, from building airplanes to cooking for soldiers overseas. Here, American women use welding torches to make bombs.
The Woodrow Wilson Car
Peace with Honor: A car decked out in pro-Wilson advertisements proclaims the president’s promise of peace, prosperity, and preparedness. Wilson’s neutrality policies proved popular in the 1916 campaign.
Poster about the enemy. Warning americans.
What was the Bolshevik Revolution? Who was the main guy? What did he do?
Keep Out of It In this 1918 war poster, the kaiser—with his famous moustache and spiked German helmet—is characterized as a spider, spinning an invisible web to catch the stray words of Allied civilians.
2. The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a civil war.
3. Lenin. The Germans helped an exiled Russian Marxist radical named Vladimir Ilyich Lenin board a train waiting for the war to devour the Russian monarchy.
4. banned political parties and organized religions (atheism became the official Communist belief);
the Election of 1916 nominees
1. Roosevelt decided to run third party and people were scared of how Roosevelt loved war, so they passed on him and gave Supreme Court Justice, Charles Evans Hughes a try.
2. Woodrow Wilson was nominated with the people's slogan: "He kept us out of war"
However Woodrow won with 4,000 votes. The first democrat to win second term since Andrew Jackson in 1832.
War Time Propagranda. Committee on Public Information CPI
What was Four-Minute Men?
Who led the Food Adminsitration
How did people treat german things?
1. President Wilson established the Committee on Public Information (CPI). Its executive director, George Creel, organized a public relations campaign to explain the Allies’ war aims to the people and, above all, to the enemy, where it might help sap their morale.
2. The Speaking Division recruited 75,000 public lecturers known as “Four-Minute Men” for their ability to compress the war’s objectives into a few words.
3. Herbert Hoover to lead the new Food Administration, whose slogan was, “Food will win the war.” The bureau’s purpose was to increase agricultural production while reducing civilian food consumption. "Wheatless" Mondays, "Meatless" Tuesdays, "Porkless" Thursdays.
4. Americans equated anything German with disloyalty.
They renamed Berlin to Lincoln, East Germantown, Indiana, became Pershing, in honor of the military leader. Many quit drinking beer because German Americans owned most of the breweries.
The war had diversity:
What was the Immigration Act?
What happened after the war to balcks?
1. Once Congress declared war, African American leader W. E. B. Du Bois urged Blacks to join the war effort: “Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our White fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy.”
QUOTAS FILLED BY BLACKS.
- Blacks, Puerto Ricans, Germans, Jews, Chinese, Poles, Italians, Irish, Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Scandinavians.
2. The Immigration Act of 1917 This act placed new restrictions on immigration, now requiring a literacy test for immigrants over sixteen years old to demonstrate basic reading ability, while also excluding all Asians, except Filipinos and the Japanese.
3. African Americans were subjected to a wave of racist assaults in the months after the war ended.
the Zimmerman Telegram
What was the red scare? Hows it end?
1. The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret communication from Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing a military alliance against the United States. It promised Mexico financial support and the territory it had lost to the U.S. (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona) if the U.S. entered World War I against Germany. The telegram was intercepted by the British, decoded, and given to the U.S., where its public release created a national outrage that contributed significantly to the U.S. declaring war on Germany in April 1917.
Mexicans disavowed it.
2. The first Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of far-left movements, including Bolshevism and anarchism
3. 1920, the Red Scare had begun to subside. But it left a lasting mark by strengthening the conservative crusade for “100 percent Americanism” and new restrictions on immigration.
What are Wobblies?
1. And thousands of wage workers were “Wobblies,” members of the militant Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), who supported the battle between labor and management, not the war in Europe. THEY WERE ANTI WAR AND WENT TO JAIL
2.
The War Industries Board
a U.S. government agency created in 1917 to coordinate the nation's industrial production to meet the demands of World War I