Bureaucracy
The effort by Congress to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
Oversight
These courts hear nearly 99% of all court cases
State trial courts
The system used to elect the President of the United States
The Electoral College
This case declared segregated schools unconstitutional and effectively ended segregation
An anonymous op-ed published by the New York Times discussed the internal “resistance” against this presidential administration
Trump administration
Implementing laws, making and enforcing rules, and settling disputes
Roles of bureaucracy
Cases that may be directly taken to the Supreme Court
Original Jurisdiction
This is the strongest predictor of how a person will vote
Party identification
The Court allowed the U.S. government to intern Japanese-Americans in concentration camps during World War II as a safeguard against insurrection or spying.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
This constitutional amendment was quietly discussed as a way to remove President Trump from office due to instability in his administration.
25th Amendment
This example of the principal-agent problem is specific to issues of government agencies acting on their own interests rather than the wishes of elected officials and their constituents
Bureaucratic drift
The formal request to have the Supreme Court review a lower court decision
Writ of certiorari
The United States most commonly employs this method of electoral districting
Single-member districting
The Court justified the "implied powers" of the govt under the Constitution, enabling Congress and the president to assert their authority beyond those activities explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
This president's Reorganization Act of 1939 established the modern Executive Office, enhancing presidential prerogative
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Agencies that influence the amount of money in the economy and who has it
Agencies of redistribution
Cases involving the powers of government or rights of citizens
Public law
According to this law, plurality rule creates two-party politics
Duverger's Law
The Court held that it is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before the age of 18.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
President Biden embraced this type of partisanship, where the president drives party policies and programs through executive actions and court appointments.
Executive-centered partisanship
Theory that explains coalitional drift
Collective-action problem
The logic of this clause in the Constitution gives the Supreme Court the power to review state actions.
Supremacy clause (Article VI)
These political financing groups were established after the 1971 Federal Elections Campaign Act, and were formed to regulate how businesses, unions, and other organizations make political contributions
Political Action Committees (PACs)
The Court ruled that all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the federal Constitution is inadmissible in a court of law (state and federal).
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Tendency of voters to prioritize perceptions of the national economy over their personal financial situation when casting votes.
Sociotropic voting