Skeletal System I
How many sections is the vertebral column composed of? What are they?
Five (Cervical Spine, Thoracic Spine, Lumbar Spine, Sacrum and Coccyx).
Describe the different parts of the vertebral column).
1) Cervical Spine: C1-C7, located in the neck. The skull rests on and attaches to the first two vertebrae in the neck (aka: atlas and axis vertebrae). The head can move in multiple directions because the vertebrae fit together, but move separately.
2) Thoracic Spine: T 1-12, one pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.
3) Lumbar Spine: L1-5.
4) Sacrum: S1-5, these vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum (a single bone), It joins the iliac bones of the pelvis with strong ligaments at the sacroiliac joints.
5) Coccyx: Last four vertebrae, fused together to form the coccyx/tailbone.
***Each vertebrae is connected by ligaments.***
Define intervertebral disks and explain their function in association with ligaments.
Intervertebral disks: Located in between each vertebrae and have cushioned, shock-absorbing structures, connected by ligaments.
Function: The ligaments/shock-absorbing cushions restrict motion and prevent the spinal chord from making any extreme motion which could harm it. Spinal chord damage can occur when the vertebrae or tissues have been injured. Treating pts. with this form of injury could result in cord/nerve damage.
Describe the thorax in terms of its components and function.
Components: Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels (aorta, superior/inferior vena cavae). T1-T12 + 12 pairs of ribs. Also includes the sternum (breastbone-manubrium, body, and xiphoid process).
Function: To house the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels.
What is the synovial membrane?
On the inner lining of a joint capsule; it is a tissue which is responsible for producing the thick lubricant known as synovial fluid. This fluid is oily in nature and prevents bones from grating against one another (they glide over one another).
How many bones are in the body?
206
When a pt. is standing facing forwards towards you, with their palms and feet facing forwards, which position is this?
Anatomical position
Which types of cells are present in the marrow of bones and what can they be transformed into?
What is a ligament?
The fibrous tissues which connect bones to bones (joints).
What are the different types of joints? Describe them.
a) Ball-and-socket joint: Allows for rotation and bending (i.e.: Shoulder).
b) Hinge joint: Restricted motion, only flexion (bending)/extension (straightening). Rotation is not possible due to the joint shape and the straining ligaments on both sides of the joint). Examples include fingers, elbows and knees.
c) Condyloid Joint:
d) Gliding Joint:
e) Pivot joint:
f) Saddle Joint:
How many bones are in the cranium?
28
What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?
1) To provide structure/support/shape of the body in order to bear its weight.
2) Provides the framework to attach the soft tissues (i.e. organs).
3) Protects vital organs (i.e. heart, lungs etc.)
4) RBCs found in red marrow of the internal cavities of many bones which are protected by this system.
5) Provides storage outlet for calcium...Calcium helps formulate hard and resilient bones.
Names the different planes of the body.
a) Frontal (coronal) plane
b) Transverse (axial) plane
c) Sagittal (lateral) plane
d) Midsagittal plane (midline)
What is cartilage?
Semi-rigid, yet flexible tissue which covers/cushions the end of the articulating bones.
The meaning of "foramen magnum" is ----------- and its function is to -----------------.
The great opening (latin) and it's function is to connect the spinal chord to the brain and descends into the vertebral column (it is a passageway).
What portion of the body in included within the axial skeleton?
Skull to tailbone (coccyx).
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
a) The skull
b) The thoracic cage
c) The vertebral column
The ----- joint is an example of a joint with limited range of motion, whereas ------ is an example of a joint with a broad range of motion.
Sacroiliac, Shoulder.
What is a tendon?
Tissues which attach bone to muscle
What are the facial bones in the skeletal system composed of?
Maxillae (upper jaw bones), mandible (lower jaw bones), and zygomas (cheek bones). Also there is the orbit/eye sockets which are cavities, which are the product of the joining of multiple facial bones. There is also the nasal bones as well.
What is a joint?
Where two bones meet. Most permit a broad range of motion. However, joints called "symphyses" have a limited range of motion. Also, some joints are fused together in order to create a solid, immobile bony structure (i.e. Cranial bones of the skull).
What is the appendicular skeleton system composed of?
a) Upper extremities
b) Lower extremities
c) Hands/feet
d) Pelvis
What is articular cartilage?
A thin layer of cartilage which covers the ends of moving bone joints. The cartilage is a pearly white substance which allows for the ends of bones to move effortlessly against one another.
What is a joint capsule?
Fibrous sacs which hold the bone ends of a joint together. These sacs are composed of connective tissues. Depending and which type of joint the fibrous sac surrounds, will inform whether or not the capsule is thin/lax or thick and resistant to stretching/bending. The thick sacs are associated with limited range of motion, whereas the thin/lax sacs are associated with a broad range of motion.
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?
33 vertebrae.