Definitions
Gross anatomy
Cell types
Locations
Clinical Thinking
Functional Q's
Misc
100
What is hypoxia?
Too little oxygen due to a poor blood supply.
100
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of?
Brain and Spinal cord
100
These cells make the blood brain barrier
astrocytes
100
Where is visual cortex?
Occipital Lobe
100
a patient doesn't have arachnoid granulations. If this a good thing or a bad thing, why?
Very bad, Since they drain the CSF into the superior saggital sinus if you didn't have them, CSF would build up and compress the brain.
100
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system
a reflex arc
100
In an inhibitory synapse - what ion channel will the neurotransmitter bind to?
Potassium (K) - Potassium will LEAVE the cell and the resting membrane potential will be even more negative.
200
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose.
200
What 3 structures make up the brain stem? and which specifically controls vital functions
medulla oblongata*, pons and midbrain
200
These cells move cerebrospinal fluid
ciliated ependymal
200
What separates the temporal lobe from the lobes superior to it?
Lateral fissure
200
One treatment for severe epilepsy is to sever the corpus collosum. What side effects might this patient experience?
memory loss, balance and coordination issues, speech challenges, personality changes, etc etc
200
List the neurons required to create a reflex arc
Afferent (sensory) - association - Efferent
200
Name the 4 muscles of the Quads
Vastus (lateralis, intermedius and medius)
Rectus Femoris
300
What is a ganglion?
a collection of cell BODIES outside the CNS
300
What 2 structures make up the diencephalon
Thalmus and Hypothalmus
300
These cells are found only in the peripheral nervous system and enable neurons to repair.
Schwann cells (myelin sheath)
300
What separates the Frontal and Parietal lobes?
The central sulcus
300
a patient has a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) that impacts their mood, emotion and impulse control. Where is the injury?
Prefrontal cortex
300
Name 2 areas of the brain involved in memory - specifically emotion and memory
Hippocampus
Amygdala (Amygdaloid nucleus)
300
What physical structure is the reason you have fingerprints?
Dermal Papillae
400
What is gray matter?
Neuron cell bodies
400
Where does the majority of decussation take place?
Medulla Oblongata
400
These cells fight infection within the brain
microglia
400
What do the blue and purple areas do?
Blue - Primary Motor Cortex (execute movement)
Purple - Primary Sensory Cortex (receives but does NOT interpret sensory input)
400
Someone experiences a TBI that affects their ability to interpret sensation (touch, tickle, pain, temperature). What lobe of the brain has been injured?
Parietal lobe - The sensory somatic association area
400
There are 2 important structures related to thought and speech. What is the one called that 'thinks' the word to say and which is responsible for the muscle control to form that word into speech.
Wernicke's (determines the word) and Broca's (motor control to form the sound)
400
Bones are made up of collagen and this protein? (When you soak a bone in vinegar it dissolves this to make bendy bones)
hydroxyapatite
500
What is the structure (not the term) where neurons cross from one side of the brain to the other?
Commissures
500
Order these from inferior to superior:
Midbrain
Hypothalmus
Pons
Thalmus
Medulla Oblongata
Medullla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Hypothalmus
Thalmus
500
These cells function like a myelin sheath but are in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
500
What lobe of the brain houses the nerves that process the sensation of taste?
The parietal - the inferior portion of the post central gyrus - frontal lobe is anterior temporal lobe is inferior
500
You have a disc that herniates in your spine and compresses the dorsal root of your spinal cord. What will be the resulting symptom?
Loss of (or at first extreme increase in) sensory input - often described as electric like pain then if severe or prolonged numbness.
500
Name 2 of the 4 basal nuclei and tell what job they collectively perform
Lentiform and Caudate = Corpus Stratium
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
500
What is a difference between a parenchymal cell and a stromal cell?
Stromal - Structure and support
Parenchymal - Actual function of the tissue
600
What is hemopoiesis
Making new blood cells
600
What is the layer of connective tissue around a single muscle fiber called?
endomysium
600
What do ribosomes do?
Make proteins
600
Name a bone that would contain yellow bone marrow
Femur, Humerus, etc - long bones with a medullary cavity
600
You have osteoporosis, which cells are over active and which are not working as quickly?
Osteoclasts (taking away) are over active
Osteoblasts are not building new bone fast enough
600
If you are able to make jerky movements but struggle to button up a shirt or hand write something
- What structure IS working normally and where (SPECIFIC) is it located?
What is NOT working?
Primary motor is working - in the precentral gyrus and the premotor (planning complex movement) is not working.
600
Name one of the 3 types of Exocrine glands
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holorine