AP Test 1
Cell Behavior in Solutions What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution versus a hypertonic solution, and why does this occur?
Hypotonic, the cell swell and burst, Hypertonic the cell shrinks and occurs when there are more solutes outside of the cell.
Explain the processes of phagocytosis and pinocytosis, and their roles in cellular function.
Phagocytosis- Cell eating
Pinocytosis - Cell drinking
How many daughter nuclei are produced during mitosis, and what is the significance of this process in cell division?
Mitosis the division of Genetic material and 2 identical daughter nuclei are produced for growth and repair.
What are the 4 nitrogen bases for RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Uracil , Cytosine
How many nulceotides code for 1 amino acid?
three.
Define cytosol and explain its role within the cell.
Cytosol is fluid that's inside cell , where metabolic reactions occur.
What is Anatomy ?
Describe what happens during metaphase and telophase of the cell cycle, and identify the stage at which chromosomes split.
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up
Telaphase - Nucleui reform after split
Anapahse - split
Interphase - Cell spends most life (growing)
Compare and contrast simple squamous epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium, including their functions and locations.
Simple squamous - thin layer of spaumous cells - allows for diffusion to occur - found in the Alveoli (lung sacs)
Stratified Squamous - allow for protection and found in epidermis -
Which sell shape is most common in body?
Squamous cell shape.
Identify the cellular organelle responsible for ATP production and the site of protein synthesis.
Mitochondria is the power house of the cell and protein synthesis occur in ribosome.
What is Physiology?
What is the end product of translation, and how does it differ from the products of transcription?
Translation - protein being produced -
transcription produces mRNA.
Replication allows a cell to divide and copy.
mRNA - brings the chain of nucleitides to ribosome.
tRNA - attacthes to amino acid.
What are the defining features of pseudostratified and cuboidal epithelial tissues, and how do they function in the body?
Pseudostratified found in one layer - lines the trachea and upper respiratory , Funtion is to move mucus.
Cubodial epithelial tissues - cubed shape - aids in secretion and absorption.
Ceruminous gland is found where?
External ear canal.
Differentiate between endocytosis and exocytosis in terms of ATP usage and their role in cellular transport.
ENdocytosis brings materials into the cell, Exocytosis moves material out of the cell.
What are the Appendicular and Axial Regions
Appendicular - Limbs and girdles
Axial - Trunk , Sternum , Head,
In DNA and RNA, which base pairs with cytosine, and how does this pairing contribute to the structure of nucleic acids?
Cytosine pairs with Guanine - 4 nitrogen bases in DNA - Adenine, Guanine, Thymine,Cytosine.
What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands, and what are their primary functions?
exocrine glands - allow for external secretion (sweating) Helps things get out
endocrine gland - keep everything in body - allows hormones in bloodstream.
What line the bladder?
Transitional Epi.
What are some examples of passive membrane transport mechanisms, and how do they differ from active transport?
Passive transport don't require ATP, Diffusion, Filcilitated diffusion and Filtration.
Where are Electrons found ?
Outide the nucleus.
What is a codon, and in which type of RNA is it found?
a codon is a 3 base sequence found on mRNA
What is unique about the polarity of epithelial tissues, and how does it relate to their function?
What does this tissue cover?
Allows for absorption and secretion.
Apical surface - topBasal surface- bottom
Epithelium tissue covers external surface of the body and is avascular.
Why is pseudostratified epithelium named as such, and what is its structural characteristic?
looks layered but is one layer, and has nucluei at different heights.