Anatomy and Physiology

Skeletal & muscular system

100

Name the three bones in the leg

Femur, tibia, Fibula

200

name the three different types of joints and examples of each

Synovial: ball and Socket

Slightly moveable: Rib

Fixed: Cranium

300

name the 2 muscles in the arm, and two muscles in the back

Bicep

Tricep

Latissimus Dorsi

Trapezius 

400

explain antagonistic muscle pairs and give an example to illustrate you understanding

muscles work in pairs when creating movement. this relationship is called an antagonistic muscle relationship. one muscle is the agonist which is the prime mover, while the other muscle is the antagonist muscle will allows the movement to occur. for example in flexion of the knee, the Hamstring contracts and shortens (agonist) pulling the heel back towards the glutes. the quadricep lengthens and relaxes allowing the movement to occur. 

500

Describe the The differences between muscle fibre types

with reference to physical activities, limited to:

• force created

• fatigue tolerance

• aerobic/anaerobic energy supply.

Fast and slow twitch

Fast: more explosive short duration activities, large about of explosive force created, fatigues easily and fast, anaerobic energy supply

Respiratory System

100

what structure is more commonly known as the voice box

larynx

200

Identify and explain the characteristics of alveoli that enable gaseous exchange to occur.

one cell thick; enables gas to diffuse across, surrounded by capillaries 

300

The function of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in normal breathing.

during inhalation

the diaphragm contracts and flattens allowing the chest cavity to expand, the intercostal muscles move up and outwards increasing the cavity size and causing an area of low pressure, forcing air to move into the cavity.

during Exhalation

the diaphragm relaxes and returns to original state, the intercostal muscles move down and inward decreasing the cavity size and causing an area of high pressure, forcing air to move out of the cavity.

400

explain these 4 terms

tidal volume

vital capacity

residual volume

minute ventilation.

Tidal volume: Tidal volume is the volume of gas that is moved in and out of the lungs per breath.

vital capactiy: It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation

residual volume: the amount of air left in the lungs after complete inhalation and exhalation

Minute ventilation: Minute ventilation is defined as the amount of air breathed per minute, which equals about 6 liters 

500

Explain the pathway of 02 from the atmosphere into the blood in capillaries

02 enters through mouth or nasal cavity

travels down the pharynx

larynx

trachea

branches into right and left Bronchus

bronchioles

alveoli

diffusion occurs here; moving from high concentration in lungs to low concentration in blood in capillaries

Circulatory system

100

what makes up the circulatory system?

Blood

blood vessels

Heart

200

name the components of blood and their function

RBC- 02 carry capacity

WBC- fight infection

Platelets- clot

Plasma- carry nutrients; liquid

300

name the largest artery in the body

Aorta

400

explain the differences between veins, arteries and capillaries 

arteries; carry blood away from heart, thick muscular walls, withstand blood at high pressure

veins; thin walls, low pressure blood, have valves, carry blood back to heart

capillaries; connect veins and arteries, thin walls; 1 cell think; gas exchange occurs

500

name all the structures of the heart

inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

pulmonary valve

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

left atrium

bicuspid valve

left ventricle

aortic valve

aorta 

Energy supply and the effects of exercise on the body

100

name the two energy systems

anaerobic and aerobic 

200

explain the difference between the two energy systems with sport examples

Link duration and intensity to the use of aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

• longer, low-intensity activities require aerobic

team sports and long duration activities like running marathons

• shorter, intense activities require anaerobic

sprinting, weight lifting 

300

explain • Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (also known as oxygen debt)

the amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body's reserves of oxygen, is called the oxygen debt. When someone who has been exercising pays back an oxygen debt, it can take from a few hours for normal exercise, to several days after a marathon. 

*requiring high breathing rate after exercise to remove lactic acid

400

list The short-term effects of exercise:

• heart rate increases

• breathing rate increases

• red skin / heat control / sweating

• fatigue (feeling tired)

• suffering from nausea / feeling light-headed.

500

explain The long-term effects of exercise on:

• heart size  
• resting pulse rate
• stroke volume
•  lactic acid. 

increased size of left ventricle

decreased RHR

increased sv

tolerate lactic acid longer 

Biomechanics

100

how many types of levers are there

3

200

how do you calculate force?

 force = mass × acceleration

300

Identify and explain the forces acting upon:

• a moving performer (3)

• a sprinter in the blocks (3)

• an object flying through the air  (3)

• a moving performer (gravity, air resistance, muscular force) 

• a sprinter in the blocks (gravity, ground reaction force, air resistance)

• an object flying through the air (force applied at release, air resistance, gravity).

400

Identify the fulcrum, resistance and effort in all types of levers. State an example of each type of lever in the body.

first class

E F L : nodding head

second class

E L F: standing on toes

third class.

F E L: lifting weight in bicep curl

500

Random Bonus question:

in the lion King, what was SCARs name before he was called SCAR

TAKA: translation garbage/trash