Chemical Bonds
How many electrons does the valence shell of an element need to be stable?
8
What is the main controller of pH in the body?
H+ or Hydrogen Ions
What are the four main organic compounds in the body?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is an apoenzyme?
An enzyme that needs cofactors and coenzymes
What is the precursor to all other steroids?
Cholesterol
What are the two main types of chemical bonds?
Ionic and Covalent
What is the pH range of blood in the body?
7.35-7.45
What are functional groups?
Group of atoms that all exhibit specific chemical properties
What is a cofactor and coenzyme?
Cofactor - metals that assist enzymes (Fe, Zn)
Coenzyme - vitamins that assist enzymes
What are the three steps of Central Dogma?
Replication, Transcription, Translation
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
The equal sharing of electrons between atoms
What is it called when there are too many ketones in the body?
Ketoacidosis
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and Skeletal Muscle
What bonds hold proteins together and how are they made?
Peptide bonds - dehydration synthesis between the amino and carboxyl groups of two amino acids
What are the four main stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
What is the weakest type of chemical bond?
Hydrogen Bond
What are buffers?
Chemicals that keep pH within established limits
What's the difference between unsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats?
Unsaturated - liquid at room temp, one double covalent bond
Polyunsaturated - liquid at room temp, many double covalent bonds
What are prostaglandins and what do they do?
Part of a phospholipid cut using cyclooxygenase that:
-Modify responses to hormones
-Activate inflammation
-Activate pain receptors
-Manage damage, injury, infection
Where do Proteins and Triglycerides enter cellular respiration?
As AcetylCoA in the Krebs Cycle
How do compounds with ionic bonds stay together?
When an electron is stolen, one atom becomes negatively charged and the other positive. The opposite charges keeps the atoms together
What is the pH scale (number range)?
1-14
Where are triglycerides stored?
Adipose Tissue
Where are non-membrane bound phospholipids found?
Bile and lung surfactant (alveoli of lungs)
What is the difference between RNA and DNA nucleotides?
DNA - Deoxyribose sugar and ATCG
RNA - Ribose sugar and AUCG