Anatomy and Physiology - Ultimate Review Game

Cells

100

What organelle contains enzymes to break down substances? 

Lysosomes 

200

In which step of Mitosis do the chromatids separate and move to the opposite sides? 

*Think IPMAT*

Anaphase

300

Molecules tend to spread out, moving from ___ concentrations to ___ concentrations. 

High, low 

Note -*It is natural to molecules to move from high to low like a waterfall. This doesn't require any energy and is called Passive Transport.*

400

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? 

Exocytosis: secretion, things exit the cell

Endocytosis: things enter the cell 

500

Cells are limited in size by ______ and _____.

the surface area (membrane), volume (insides) ratio

Note - *Increasing surface area can increase the cells efficiency moving substances. 

Tissues

100

What are the 4 major types of tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

200

Name two examples of fibrous connective tissue and their differences?

Tendons = muscles to bones

Ligaments = bones to bones 

*Few cells, poor blood supply, thus slow healing*

300

Name 3 types of cartilage 

Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibrocartilage

400

What are is the function of mast cells, macrophage, and fibroblasts in the connective tissue matrix?

Mast Cells - Prevent blood clots

Macrophage - consumers: consume debris and foreign objects

Fibroblasts - produce fibers. 

500

What is the function of simple squamous cells?

Form: Flat and thin, single layer

Function: diffusion and filtration  

*Found in air sacs of lungs, capillaries*

Skeletal System

100

Bone tissue is called ____ tissue

Osseous

200

Red marrow vs. Yellow marrow 

red: produces blood (spongy bone)

yellow: fat storage (Medullary cavity)

300

Describe the Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, and Medulla cavity.

Epiphysis - ends of bone

Diaphysis - shaft of bone

Articular cartilage - cartilage covering the ends of bone (cushions)

Periosteum - membrane covering entire bone

Medulla - within the diaphysis, contains the yellow bone marrow.

400

Describe the structure of the lamella, lacuna, and canaliculi

Lacuna are tiny enclosed chambers that house osteocytes.

Osteocytes then form rings called Lamella around the Haversian Canal.  

Canaliculi connect the osteocytes.

500

What are the types of joint articulations

Synanthropic - Immovable joints called sutures, skull

Amphiarthrotic- slightly movable, vertebrae 

Diarthrotic- movable joint, (synovial joints)            ex. knees, elbow, wrist, shoulder

Muscular system

100

A muscle is composed of many fibers arranged in bundles called 

Fascicles

200

Myosin Vs. Actin 

Myosin - Think filaments (A bands)

Actin - Thin filaments (I Bands)

300

During the Sliding Filament Theory, what allows the myosin heads to separate from the Actin Filaments?

ATP

*Serves as a cross bridge breaker*

400

What is the Neuromuscular junction? 

A complex where a nerve and a muscle fiber come together together to communicate.

500

During the sliding Filament theory, The sarcomere must shorten to contract a muscle. In order to to this, the Myosin heads bind to Actin and uses energy from ATP to create a "power stroke" and slide. As a regulation, what blocks actin when a muscle fiber is at rest?

Troponin and Tropomyosin 

*However, the release of Calcium can override them*

Nervous System

100

What is the difference between Dendrites and Axons?

Dendrites: receive messages 

Axons: send information away

200

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic 

Parasympathetic - relaxes your body " Rest and digest

Sympathetic -Activates your body "Fight or flight"

300

Name the different lobes of the brain?

Frontal lobe(personality) , Temporal lobe (auditory information and memory) , Parietal lobe (sensory perception), and Occipital lobe(sight). 

400

What are the functions of the Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, microglial, ependymal, and Schwann cells?

Oligodendrocytes- Make myelin sheath that provide insulation around the axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) 

Astrocytes- connects blood to neurons 

 Microglial- digests debris and kills bacteria (immune function)

 Ependymal - forms membrane around the tissue and filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (protective cushion for structures)

Schwann cells - supply myelin for peripheral neurons (PNS)

500

Multiple Sclerosis damages myelin sheaths what affect does this have on neurons?

a neurons lose their myelin sheaths, the nerves are unable to send or receive signals. (signals travel slower)