after ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth are these
What are carbohydrates.
100
In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs here
What is the alveoli.
100
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will do this
What is die, or become dehydrated
100
At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues is called this
What is menstruation
100
The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is this
What is ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.
200
these smooth muscle contractions move the food you eat along the digestive tract
What is peristalsis
200
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with increased activity of this system.
What is the immune system
200
Osmolarity refers to how much of this is in water
What is salt or ions
200
Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they both have the same number of these.
What are chromosomes
200
At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called this
What is a blastocyst.
300
the highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs across the large surface area of the villi here
What is the small intestine
300
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have this type of circulatory system.
What is closed
300
this is the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
What is urea
300
The endometrium shed by the uterus during this type of cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of a menstrual cycles is excreted.
What is estrous
300
In vertebrates this tissue layer is the origin of the nervous system.
What is the ectoderm
400
among mammals, it is generally true that this prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.
What is the epiglottis
400
After several weeks of exercise, an athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because this aspect of the heart has increased
What is stroke volume
400
A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that it operates an extensive set of ion pumps that work by this
What is active-transport
400
In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that this is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.
What is cytokinesis or cell division
400
Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during this stage
What is gastrulation.
500
this emulsifies fats in the in the duodenum
What is bile/bile salts
500
Damage to this in humans would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
What is the sinoatrial node
500
Increased secretion of this is likely after sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.
What is ADH
500
Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place here
What is the oviduct
500
limb formation, for example, in animal development is referred to as this