Chp 1
When touching the left shoulder with the left and, is a person using the contralateral or the ipsilateral hand?
ipsilateral
Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular Skeleton
What joint structures surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces?
Joint capsule
There are lots of people who struggle with clenching their jaw during the night while sleeping. This tightening of the temporomandibular joint is considered to be what kind of joint position?
Closed-packed position
Elasticity is the ability an object has to return to its original shape. Comparatively, which has more elasticity a Stretch Armstrong doll or chewing gum?
Stretch Armstrong doll
The posterior and anterior horns are located on the spinal cord, but where would one find the posterior and anterior roots?
The posterior root is posterior to the vertebrae while the anterior root is located on the anterior side of the vertebrae.
When a football is kicked through the goalposts, what type of motion is being demonstrated by the ball? By the kicker?
curvilinear; angular
Which is heavier: compact bone or cancellous bone?
Compact bone
Shoulder, hip, fingers, and elbow are all examples of what type(s) of joints? Give both names.
synovial or diarthrosis joint
You flex the knee to assess it's end feel. The pt's end feel is normal, what type of would you feel?
Soft end feel
Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle?
Eccentric
What makes up grey and white matter respectively?
Grey matter is the absence of myelin sheaths that surround axons, thus grey matter contains cell bodies and non-myelinated neurons exclusively while white matter contains myelinated neurons.
Putting your right ankle on your left knee involves what type of hip rotation?
hip lateral rotation or lateral rotation
What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal?
Endosteum
How does hyaline cartilage differ from fibrocartilage? Give examples of both types of cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage is located at the ends of bones articulating at synovial joints. Fibrocartilage is located between bones and is used as shock absorbers and spacers. The femur and tibia articulations both have hyaline (or articular) cartilage covering both the distal and proximal ends of both bones respectively. Fibrocartilage can be located at places like the menisci of the knees and the disks of the vertebrae.
Matt holds a pencil with the eraser end between his index finger and thumb while the lead end is in contact with the table. While the lead end remains in contact with the table, Matt uses his fingers to roll the pencil. What type of arthrokinematic motion does this represent?
Spin
You're lying supine with a weight in your hand. You raise the weight with a straight arm so that your arm is now over your shoulder and perpendicular to the table (90°). You then continue the motion until our arm is parallel with the table (180°). During the first 90°, what joint motion occurred, was it concentric or eccentric, and what muscle group is responsible? What about all three during the second 90°?
1. shoulder flexion 2. concentric
3. shoulder flexors 4. shoulder flexion
5. eccentric 5. shoulder extensors
What part of the body does the median nerve affect?
The wrist flexors of the forearm, the thumb, and the index finger.
Picking up a pencil on the floor beside your chair involves what trunk joint motion?
trunk lateral rotation
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
To protect tendons from excessive wear.
What type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction?
bursa
The SPTA is considering the concave-convex rule while the pt is flexing and extending their tibia on the femur. In which direction should the distal end of the tibia move with the proximal end?
The distal end will move in the same direction as the proximal end of the tibia.
Agonists and synergists
Afferent and efferent nerves are very different from each other, name the differences for both.
Afferent: exclusively nerves that start at a muscle, skin, and/or joints and sends signals to the brain regarding information that is happening to the body. Also called a sensory neuron.
Efferent: exclusively nerves that start in the CNS that gets signals sent from the brain to a muscle, skin tissue, and/or joint for the body itself to be acted upon whether voluntary or involuntary. Also called a motor neuron.
Looking at a spot in the ceiling directly over your head involves what joint motion?
What type of bone is mainly involved in an individual's growth in height? In what portion of the bone does this growth occur?
Long bones and in the epiphysis in the epiphyseal plate.
Rectus Femoris and the long head of biceps brachii are examples of what kind of structure?
Tendons
When the humerus is put into shoulder flexion, does the proximal end of the moving bone glide in the same or opposite direction of the distal end of the moving bone?
Opposite (think about the concave-convex principle)
Sarah is demonstrating to her classmates how active insufficiency works. What would her explanation be if she were to explain active insufficiency of the hamstrings?
When the hip is in full extension and the knee is in full flexion, the hamstring is no longer able to contract because the muscle has been placed in its maximally shortened length preventing the sarcomeres from getting any closer thereby also preventing crossbridges from being formed by the actin and myosin molecules.
When a pt is unable to dorsiflex at the ankle, it could be due to an injured fibular nerve. What is the laymen's term for this injury?
Foot drop
A person lying on a bed staring at the ceiling is in what position?
supine
Is the scapula part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Axial Skeleton
Give an example of a synarthrodial joint in the axial skeleton.
Bones in the skull.
A PT is attempting to manipulate the R patella on a pt, but must first choose which position to do so. Should the PT flex or extend the knee, why, and what type of joint position is the pt in?
The PT needs to have the pt fully relax their leg in full extension because this "loosens" the ligaments and muscles within the joint so that the knee is in an open-packed position allowing the patella to move.
We frequently use rubberbands to simulate muscle activity, however, what is something a muscle can do that a rubberband cannot?
contract
If a person has a spinal cord injury at L4, would it be considered an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?
Lower motor neuron lesion
supination
The main shaft of a long bone is called what?
Diaphysis
Identify the motion, plane, and axis:
The anterior surface of the forearm moves toward the anterior surface of the humerus.
elbow flexion, sagittal plane, frontal axis
Assuming muscles are of normal length, Daniel brings his ankle into dorsiflexion, what type of end feel should we expect?
Firm end feel
Ally is in long sitting and begins to lean her body over her legs. As she does so she tries to slide a pillow under her legs but finds she can't lift her legs anymore, why is this?
This is due to passive insufficiency where her hamstrings are maximally lengthened over both joints and are no longer able to stretch any farther.
Does a motor neuron send impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord or from the spinal cord to the periphery?
From the spinal cord to the periphery.
The femur is ________ to the tibia.
superior
What are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons?
The appendicular skeleton pertains to all the bones that are distal to the trunk of the human body, contains all the long and short bones of the body, and provides the framework for movement in the body (i.e. humerus, femur, tibia, carpals).
The axial skeleton pertains to all the bones that exist within the trunk of the human body, contains all irregular bones, and provides support and protection for the human body (i.e. ribs, scapula, vertebrae, clavicle).
What are the three types of joints that allow little or no motion?
there are three fibrous joints that allow for little to no movement:
synarthrosis
syndesmosis
gomphosis
Is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?
Osteokinematic motion
Janice's husband asks her to pick a restaurant to eat at, but she is undecided about where to go and just shrugs at his request. What type of muscle action occurred as Janice shrugged her shoulders?
Reverse muscle action
The spinal cord extends to about what vertebral level?
L2