Dem Bones, Dem Bones
Categorize and describe the ribs into true ribs and false ribs (be as specific as possible)
True ribs: 1-7, attach directly to the sternum
False ribs (2 types): Vertebrochondral: 8-10 & Floating ribs: 11-12
Inhaled foreign bodies are more likely to end up here (1), explain why (2)
(1) Right bronchi
(2) It is more vertical
This organ is a source of these cells in children (1) and is replaced by this tissue (2) in adults.
(1) T cells
(2) Adipose tissue
This is a complex framework of dense collagen within the heart (1), and it has these 3 important characteristics (2).
(1) Fibrous Skeleton
(2) Maintains heart structural integrity, anchors the various layers, acts as an electrical insulator
This system does not perform it's major function until after birth
Respiratory system
FIGURE 1
First rib
Atypical
(1) 4th-5th intercostal space, in line with the nipple
(2) Air = up, fluid = down
What organ is NOT contained within the mediastinum?
Lungs
Valve disease can cause these 2 issues
Regurgitation (cusps don't close properly -> backflow)
Stenosis (cusps become thick/stiff -> reduced blood flow)
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are usually found in this lung (2) and cause this often-fatal condition (2).
(1) Left lung
(2) Hypoplastic lung
Bone marrow is often taken from this (1) structure. Why? (2)
(1) Xiphoid process
(2) It is shallow and easily accessible through the skin
Mr. Jack O'Lantern is transported to the ER after a serious car accident. He fractured three ribs so that a segment of his rib cage moves freely. What is this condition called (1) and how does the segment move (2)?
(1) Flail chest
(2) Segment moves paradoxically (inspiration -> inward, expiration -> outward)
FIGURE 4
Ligamentum arteriosum; ductus arteriosus
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricular myocytes
This is a common cause of death in premature infants, in which a lack of surfactant causes alveolar collapse
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
FIGURE 2
(1) Pectus Carinatum
(2) Unequal growth of costal cartilages
Pulmonary arteries supply these structures (1), but they do not supply these structures (2)
(1) Alveoli
(2) Bronchi
Mr. Skellington presents to the ER with pericardial effusion. How would you describe this condition to him?
The volume of the pericardial sac does not allow for full expansion of the heart
What is determines cardiac dominance (1) and what are the 3 possible types (2)?
(1) Which coronary artery branch gives of the posterior interventricular artery
(2) Left dominant, right dominant, co-dominant
Describe congenital lung cysts (1), where they are found (2), and why they are often surgically removed (3)
(2) Usually located in the periphery of the lung
(3) Removed to prevent major infection
Thoracic outlet syndrome is often caused by this (1). What are the types of TOS? (2)
(1) Cervical ribs
(2) Neurogenic, venogenic, arteriogenic
FIGURE 3
Outline the elements of Beck's Triad (1) and what condition it describes (2)
(1) Hypotension, distended neck veins, distant/muffled heart sounds
(2) Cardiac tamponade (heart compression)
Mrs. Morticia Addams comes into your clinic for a wellness check and mentions she has been having neck and jaw pain. Why is this concerning?
In women, neck and jaw pain can be referred from the chest/heart (atypical angina)
Outline the 4 phases of lung development
1) Pseudoglandular: weeks 5-16; not viable
2) Canalicular: weeks 16-26; may be viable but critical
3) Terminal Sac: week 26-birth; likely viable (surfactant produced)
4) Alveolar: 8th month-childhood; transition to gas exchange & increasing bronchioles/alveoli