Terms
_____ bonds form by the transfer of an electron, while _____ are formed when electrons are shared by two atoms
Ionic; covalent
Electrons have a mass of approximately _____ amu, while protons and neutrons both have a mass of _____ amu. (amu means atomic mass unit.
0; 1
name the 4 macromolecules of life
Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates
Organic compounds all contain _____.
Carbon
The smallest unit that scientists agree is alive is the _____.
Cell
_____ refers to the entire set of chemical reactions which occur within an organism.
Metabolism
The four most abundant elements in the human body are _____, _____, _____, _____.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
The bonds between the subunits in a protein are called _____ bonds
peptide
If a word ends in -ase, it probably refers to a(n) _____.
enzyme
_____ refers to chemical reactions which lead to the production of complex molecules or structures within an organism
Anabolism
A reaction in which the molecules produced have less potential energy than the reactants is an [exergonic/endergonic] reaction.
exergonic
Atoms are composed of _____, _____, and _____.
protons, neutrons, electrons
Proteins are made of _____, joined together in a chain.
amino acids
The two major types of nucleic acid are _____ and _____.
DNA
RNA
_____ refers to chemical reactions which degrade or destroy complex molecules or structures within an organism in order to capture energy or raw materials
Catabolism
When a constant, dynamic equilibrium is maintained despite changes in the environment (for example, our ability to maintain a constant body temperature), this is called ____
homeostasis
The nucleus of an atom consists of approximately, but not always exactly, equal numbers of _____ and _____.
protons; neutrons
When a protein unfolds, its function is lost: this process is called _____.
denaturation
Enzymes and other catalysts work by lowering _____ energy
activation
Enzymes – biological catalysts; most are proteins.
what do they do?
-Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
-Highly specific for individual substrates (substance that can bind to the enzyme’s active site)
-Do not alter the reactants or products
-Not permanently altered in reactions catalyzed
Ions are often called _____, because they can carry an electric current
electrolytes
What is the atomic number of an atom with 5 protons and 6 neutrons?
5
Triglycerides consist of three _____ joined to a molecule of _____.
fatty acids; glycerol
The subunits of nucleic acids are _____.
nucleotides
__________ is a catabolic reaction that useswater to break up polymers into smaller subunits
Hydrolysis