Circulatory System
What organ is responsible for pumping blood through the body?
What is the heart?
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
What is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment?
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
What is to eliminate waste products from the body and regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure?
What is the difference between arteries and veins in terms of their function?
How do Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart?
What are the four main components of blood?
What are red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets?
What are the three main parts of the small intestine and what is the function of each?
What are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum?
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
What is contracting and flattening during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing the lungs to expand?
What organs make up the urinary system?
What are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra?
Which enzyme in saliva initiates the digestion of carbohydrates?
What is amylase?
How does the circulatory system respond to exercise?
How does the circulatory system respond by increasing heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow to active muscles?
How does the pancreas contribute to digestion?
How does the pancreas produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are released into the small intestine?
How does the respiratory system adapt to high altitudes?
How does it increase respiratory rate and depth to compensate for lower oxygen levels in the air, as well as by stimulating the production of red blood cells to enhance oxygen transport?
Which hormone regulates the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What hormone is produced by the kidneys to regulate red blood cell production?
What is erythropoietin?
How does dehydration affect the circulatory system?
How does dehydration reduce blood volume, decrease cardiac output and compromise circulation?
What is the role of bile in the digestive process?
What is to emulsify fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to increase the efficiency of fat digestion by lipase enzymes?
What is the significance of the Bohr effect in respiratory physiology?
What describes the phenomenon where hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases as carbon dioxide levels increase or pH decreases, facilitating the release of oxygen to tissues during cellular respiration?
What are 3 factors that contribute to the formation of kidney stones?
What are high concentration of substances in urine, lack of inhibitors, and genetics?
What is the role of the respiratory center in the brainstem?
How does it regulate breathing by monitoring levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood and adjusting respiratory rate and depth accordingly?
What are the potential complications of untreated hypertension on the circulatory system and other organs?
What can damage blood vessels throughout the body, increasing the risk of complications such as stroke, heart attack, and heart failure?
How does the structure of the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption?
How do the villi and microvilli increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption, allowing for more efficient absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream?
What is the role of the respiratory membrane in gas exchange?
Hows does consisting of the alveolar and capillary walls, the respiratory membrane facilitate the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the bloodstream by providing a thin barrier across which gases can pass?
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body?
How does it regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. When blood pressure drops or there is a decrease in sodium levels, specialized cells in the kidneys release renin into the bloodstream. Renin acts on angiotensinogen, converting it to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) primarily in the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, which promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to water retention and increased blood volume, thereby raising blood pressure. Additionally, angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, further elevating blood pressure?
What is the process of gas exchange in the alveoli?
What is the diffusion of oxygen from the alveolar air into the bloodstream and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the alveolar air?