Nervous System
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
Name the three types of muscle tissue.
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum.
What are the two main subdivisions of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining stable internal conditions.
What type of glial cell forms myelin in the PNS?
schwann cells
Define origin vs. insertion
stationary attachment; Insertion = moves during contraction.
Which tissue type lines body surfaces and cavities?
Epithelial tissue.
Name the four bone types.
Long, short, flat, irregular
What is negative feedback?
What is negative feedback?
What are the phases of an action potential in order?
Depolarization → Repolarization → Hyperpolarization
What is the role of the neuromuscular junction?
Where motor neuron communicates with muscle fiber to trigger contraction.
What connective tissue fiber type is strong and resists stretching?
Collagen.
What is the main functional unit of compact bone?
Osteon (Haversian system).
Give one example of positive feedback.
Labor contractions, blood clotting.
What cranial nerve controls facial expression?
CN VII (Facial)
What are the three ways skeletal muscle generates ATP?
Phosphagen system, glycolysis, aerobic respiration.
Name the two layers of the dermis.
Papillary and reticular.
Which bone cells build bone and which break it down?
Osteoblasts build; osteoclasts break down.
What cavity contains the heart and lungs?
What cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Compare continuous vs. saltatory conduction.
Continuous = unmyelinated fibers, slower; Saltatory = nodes of Ranvier, myelinated, faster.
Describe the sliding filament theory.
Actin slides over myosin as cross-bridges form; sarcomere shortens.
Compare apocrine vs. eccrine sweat glands.
Apocrine = emotional/stress, thick secretion; Eccrine = thermoregulation, watery sweat.
What is the clinical significance of the cribriform plate?
Easily fractured → risk of CSF leak & infection.
List the levels of organization in order.
Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism