Extrinsic Muscles of the Back
What are all the extrinsic superficial muscles of the back? Intermediate muscles of the back?
Intermediate: Serratus Posterior Superior & Inferior
What are the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Superficial: Splenius Capitis & Cervicis
Intermediate: Erector Spinae Group- Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
Deep: Semispinalis Capitis & Cervicis, Multifidus, Rotatores
What are the muscles that make up the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Obliquus Capitis Superior, Obliquus Capitis Inferior
What is important to note about the spinal cord, and where does the spinal cord begin and descend to?
Important: Major reflex center, conduction pathway between body and brain
Begins at medulla oblongatta and decends to L1 or L2
What are the muscles within the scapular region? Which ones are included in the Rotator Cuff Group?
Muscles: Deltoid, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Major & Minor
Rotator Cuff: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Minor
What are the nerves that innervate the extrinsic muscles of the back? Blood supplies?
I: Spinal Accessory, Thoracodorsal, Dorsal Scapular
BS: Transverse Cervical Artery, Thoracodorsal Artery, Dorsal Scapular Artery/Vein
What are the torques of the splenius muscles?
Extend head/neck, lateral flexor on head, rotator on cervical spine and head
What runs through the suboccipital triangle? What innervates the muscles?
Runs Through: Suboccipital nerve, vertebral artery
Innervated By: Suboccipital nerve
Posterior Roots: sensory neurons
What are the torques/roles of the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus: ABduction
Infraspinatus & Teres Minor: External Rotation
Subscapularis: Internal Rotation
What are the torques of the latissimus dorsi?
Extensor, ADDuctor, and Medial Rotator of Humerus
What are the torques of the erector spinae group when acting bilaterally / unilaterally?
Role: Support spine
Bilaterally: extensor of spine
Unilaterally: lateral flexor on spine (side bending)
rotator on spine (co-contracting with other muscles)
What are the torques of the suboccipital triangle muscles?
RCPMajor: Extension of head, rotation of face to same side
OCS: Extension of head and bends it to the same side
OCI: Rotation of face to same side
What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
Primary: thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis
Secondary: cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis
What are the borders and contents of the Quadrangular Space?
Borders: Superior- teres minor ; Inferior - teres major ; Medial - long head of triceps ; Lateral - surgical neck of the humerus
Contents: axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels
What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5) for motor
Cervical Nerves C3 and C4 for sensory
What are the attachments and torques of the semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles?
Semispinalis capitis:
A: transverse processes of C7 - T6 to occipital bone near midline
T: head extensor and rotator
Semispinalis cervicis:
A: transverse processes of T1-T6 to spines of C2-C6
T: head extensor on cervical spine and lateral flexor
What are the attachments of the rectus capitis posterior minor that is in the the suboccipital region?
M: Spinous process of atlas (C1)
L: Medial portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
What are the types of neurons within a spinal nerve and their role?
Somatic (body) sensory: skin, touch, pain, temperature, feedback from muscles andjoint (lengthen, stretch, position)
Somatic motor: voluntary muscle movement
Visceral (organs) sensory: pain, stretch, and fullness of viscera
Visceral motor: Peristalsis of GI tract, secretions (enzymes, saliva, tears), sweating, cardiac muscle activity
What are the borders and contents of the Triangular Space? Where do the contents enter after passing through?
Borders: Superior - teres minor ; Posterior - teres major ; Lateral - long head of the triceps
Contents: circumflex scapular artery (branch of subscapular artery) passes through to enter the infraspinous process
What are the medial and lateral attachments of the trapezius?
M: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes ofC7 - T12
L: Superior Fibers- clavicle ; Middle Fiber - acromion, spine of scapula ; Lower Fibers - tubercle on inferior spine of scapula
What direction do the rotatores insert?
Lateral to medial
What muscles does the Greater Occipital Nerve that runs through the suboccipital region innervate? Where does it provide sensory innervation to?
Semispinalis Capitis, may contribute fibers to the trapezius muscle. Provides sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior scalp.
Why is it clinically important to note in the cervical vertebrae that there is extra space around the nerve in the vertebral foramen? What artery has it's own place to run through in the cervical vertebrae?
Clinical Importance: someone can break their neck and still be okay because there was enough space for the nerve to not become impinged or severed.
Artery: vertebral
What are the borders and contents of the Triangular Interval?
Borders: Lateral - lateral head of the triceps ; Medial - long head of the triceps ; Superior - teres minor
Contents: radial nerve and deep brachial artery