Anatomical Terminology
In anatomical position, are the palms facing anteriorly or posteriorly?
Anteriorly
Unlike flat bones like the ribs or irregular bones like vertebrae, the femur and humerus are classified as __________ bones.
Long bones.
Name the 3 regions of the axial skeleton.
Cranium (skull), Vertebral Column, and Thoracic Cage.
Name the two bones of the forearm.
Radius and Ulna
Identify this flat bone and name its superior-most part where the clavicle articulates.
Sternum; Manubrium
The nose is ______ to the ears.
Medial
Name 2 major functions of the skeletal system.
Support, protection of internal organs, movement/leverage, mineral storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).
Name the 3 regions of the vertebral column above the sacrum.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar.
Name the 3 fused bones that make up each hip bone.
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Identify this lower extremity bone and name the prominent rough ridge running down the posterior surface of its shaft.
Femur; Linea aspera
A CT scan produces images that divide the body into superior and inferior sections. Which anatomical plane is this?
Transverse (horizontal) plane.
What anatomical term describes a large, shallow depression on a bone, such as the supraspinous or subscapular area of the scapula?
Fossa.
Name the cranial bone that houses the pituitary gland within the sella turcica.
Sphenoid bone.
How many phalanges are found in the thumb (pollex) and big toe (hallux), compared to the other digits?
The pollex and hallux each have 2 phalanges, while the other digits have 3 phalanges.
Identify the 4 sutures of the cranium
Coronal; Sagittal, Lambdoid, and Squamous
During severe respiratory distress, patients may be placed face down in the __________ position to reduce pressure on the lungs and improve oxygenation.
Prone
While identifying a bone, you notice two projections near a joint. One is smooth and rounded and forms part of the joint, while the other is located next to it and serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments. What are these two bone markings called?
Condyle and epicondyle.
Why are ribs 1–7 called “true ribs,” and what is their anatomical name?
Vertebrosternal ribs are attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage
A soccer player is kicked on the lateral side of the lower leg and develops pain and swelling around the lateral malleolus. Which bone is most likely injured?
Fibula
Identify the large, prominent proximal projections indicated on these two bones: Humerus: the lateral projection lateral to the head; Femur: the large lateral projection superior to the neck.
Greater tubercle (humerus) and Greater trochanter (femur).
A patient arrives with a cut on the back of their left forearm, closer to the elbow than the wrist. Using anatomical directional terms, describe the location of the cut.
The patient presents a cut posterior (dorsal) and proximal on the left forearm (antebrachium).
What is the structural difference between a foramen and a tuberosity?
Tuberosity: rough projection for muscle/ligament attachment; Foramen: hole/opening for nerves/vessels
A weightlifter injures their back while performing a heavy squat. Which region of the vertebral column is most likely affected and why?
Lumbar region. Which comprises the largest vertebrae and bear much of the body's weight, making this region particularly vulnerable to stress from heavy loading.
A basketball player develops pain just below the patella after repetitive jumping. Which bone and bony projection are involved at the attachment site of the patellar ligament?
Tibia; Tibial Tuberosity (a large, rough projection for muscle/tendon attachment)
Identify this specific landmark located on the anterior, superior aspect of the scapula that serves as an attachment site for shoulder and chest muscles, and state which surface of the scapula it belongs to.
Coracoid process; Costal surface.