Shoulder (GH joint & Scapula)
What bones form the glenohumeral joint?
The glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
what ligament primarily limits inferior translation of the humeral head?
Coracohumeral ligament
what three bones form the elbow joint complex?
Humerus, ulna, and radius
which ligament encircles the head of the radius?
Annular ligament
what two bones make up the forearm?
Radius and ulna
what structure allows the hand to move with the radius?
The articular disk of the distal radioulnar joint
what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Synovial condyloid joint
what type of joint is the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint?
Saddle joint
What type of synovial joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball-and-socket
what ligament forms part of the caracoacromial arch?
Coracoacromial ligament
what is the average normal carrying angle of the elbow?
approximately 13 degrees of valgus
which ligament complex resists valgus forces at the elbow?
Ulnar collateral ligament
what joint allows rotation of the radial head during pronation and supination?
Proximal radioulnar joint
what clinical test assesses distal radioulnar joint instability?
Piano key test
what wrist motions occur in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
which carpal bone articulates with the first metacarpal?
Trapezium
How many degrees of motion are required for full overhead reaching?
180 degress
what portion of the capsule allows for extensive shoulder mobility?
The axillary pouch
excessive valgus at the elbow occurs when the carrying angle exceeds what value?
20 degrees
what stress test is used to assess ulnar collateral ligament integrity?
Valgus stress test
during forearm motion, which bone moves around the other?
The radius moves around the ulna
what structure transmits compressive forces from the radius to the ulna?
Interosseous membrane
which joint contributes more to wrist extension?
Midcarpal joint
what unique motion allows the thumb to touch the fingertips?
Opposition
How much of overhead motion comes from the scapulothoracic upward rotation?
Approximately 60 degrees (1/3 of total motion)
what is the most common direction of glenohumeral disloaction?
Anterior
what deformity occurs when the carrying angle is less than 5 degrees of valgus?
Cubital varus (gunstock deformity)
what surgical reconstruction is commonly performed for UCL rupture in pitchers?
Tommy John procedure
what type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?
Fibrous syndesmosis
what structure is best aligned to resist distraction forces in the forearm?
Oblique cord
which ligament resists adduction of the hand?
Radial collateral ligament
what disease involves avascular necrosis of the lunate?
Kienbock's disease
Name of structure found within the subacromial space
Supraspinatus tendon/ subacromial bursa/ long head of biceps tendon
what labral injury is commonly associated with anterior shoulder disloaction?
Bankart lesion
what motions are permitted at the elbow joint itself?
Flexion and extension only
what is the most common direction of elbow dislocation?
Posterior
what common pediatric injuries results from traction on a pronated forearm?
Nursemaid's elbow
injury to the interosseous membrane usually occurs with what type of trauma?
High-energy trauma with displaced forearm fractures
what carpal bone is most commonly fractures in a FOOSH injury?
Scaphoid
injury to which ligament causes. "Skier's thumb"?
Ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MCP joint