Bones + Joints
What is the joint classification of the talocrural joint?
Synovial, uniaxial, hinge
What are the actions of tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot
What is the mechanical function of the anterior talofibular ligament?
Limits plantarflexion, prevents posterior slide of tibia and fibula on talus
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5 (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5)
Name all the phases of gait, in order
Stance- initial contact, load response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing
Swing- initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
What movements occur at the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
What are the attachments of peroneus brevis
Distal 2/3 of lateral surface of the fibula and tuberosity on the base of metatarsal 5
Name one ligament associated with the calcaneocuboid joint
Short plantar ligament or long plantar ligament
What is the origin and termination of the common iliac artery
Origin- abdominal aorta
Termination- internal and external iliac arteries
Describe the difference between step length and stride length
Step length- starts with left foot contacting ground, ends with right foot contacting ground
Stride length- starts with left foot contacting ground, ends with left foot contacting ground. Equates to one gait cycle
What are the articular surfaces of the talocalcaneonavicular joint
Anterior facet on upper surface of calcaneus, posterior facet of the navicular, spring ligament, head and neck of the talus
Name the muscles that make up the urogenital triangle
Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal
What are the attachments of the ACL?
Anterior intercondylar area of tibia and posteromedial surface of lateral femoral condyle
What is the L3 myotome
Hip flexion, knee extension
Describe the movements at the hip during a gait cycle
Flexed at IC, extending extending from IC to pre-swing. Starts flexing at pre-swing and continues to flex throughout swing phase until IC.
Name the bones that make up the medial longitudinal arch
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, all three cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3
Name 3 muscles that contribute to dynamic support of the medial longitudinal arch
Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, abductor hallucis
What are the three posterior ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
Posterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament and sacrospinous ligament
Give three examples of vulnerable sites for nerve lesions
Close to skin e.g. femoral nerve, between skin and bony projection e.g. common peroneal nerve, between retinacula and bone e.g. median nerve, on bone
Describe trunk movements during gait
At thorax and shoulder
- Posterior over swinging limb
- Upper limb swings forward with contralateral lower limb
Describe weight transfer through the pelvis. Note: there are 5 points to the answer
- Weight through the vertebral column pushes the sacrum inferiorly
- Sacrum is 'wedged' in
- The ridges and depressions of the joint surfaces interlock
- Ligaments become taut and the ilia are held tight against the sacrum
- Sacroiliac joint self-locks
Describe digital sweep at the foot
Longest possible pathway of the tips of the digits. Flexion occurs at the MTP first while the IP joints remain in extension. Then the PIP and DIP flex later. Occurs due to an interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
Which ligaments provide static support for the lateral arch of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament
Name the three superficial veins of the lower limb and where they terminate/drain into
Dorsal venous arch- drains into lesser saphenous vein
Lesser saphenous vein- drains into popliteal vein
Great saphenous vein- drains into femoral vein
At initial swing, what muscle groups are contracting at the hip, knee and ankle. State the type of contraction and the purpose of the action at each joint
Hip- hip flexors, concentric, produce leg swing
Knee- knee flexors, concentric, bend knee to clear foot
Ankle- ankle dorsiflexors, concentric, initiate foot clearance