Joints
The shoulder and hip joints are known as what kind of joint? This type of joint allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements.
Ball and socket joint.
How many different types of common fractures did we cover?
7
There are 24 total vertebrae, making up three different regions of the spine. What are these three regions?
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), and Lumbar (5)
What are the two muscle fibre types?
Fast twitch and slow twitch.
After what age do we lose more bone mass then we replace?
40
_______ is the bending of a joint so that the bones that form that joint are pulled closer. The angle between the bones of a limb at a joint is decreased.
On the contrary, _______ is a physical position that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint. It occurs when muscles contract and bones move the joint from a bent position to a straight position.
Flexion and Exension
What is a compound fracture?
A compound bone fracture is accompanied by breaks in the skin, causing the broken ends of bone to come into contact with the outside environment.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRUE RIB, FALSE RIB AND FLOATING RIB?
True Ribs are connected by cartilage directly to the sternum.
False Ribs are connected to the cartilage of the 7th rib that leads to the sternum.
Floating ribs are located at the inferior level of the rib cage. They are short and do not connect to the sternum (float).
What are concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions?
Concentric = Muscle shortens
Eccentric = Muscle lengthens
Isometric = Muscle contracts but does not shorten (or move)
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
_____ is a movement away from the midline.
_____ is a movement towards the midline.
Abduction and adduction.
What is a spiral fracture?
A spiral fracture is when the bone is broken from a twisting motion.
What are the five different types of bones?
1. Long bone – femur, humerus
2. Short bone – wrist carpal, foot tarsal
3. Irregular bone –vertebrae
4. Sesamoid – patella (floating bone)
5. Flat bone – skull or rib
What are the three different types of muscles?
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.
How many joints do we have in our bodies?
140!
_____ refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly.
_____ refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
What is a comminuted fracture?
A comminuted fracture is when the bone is broken in atleast two places.
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton is composed of the bones in the skull, vertebral column and the ribcage of the chest. Its function is to protect your organs. The appendicular skeleton is composed the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton. Its function is for movement.
What is the difference between involuntary and voluntary muscles? Provide examples of each.
Involuntary muscles do not require conscious commands from the brain in order to operate. Ex. Cardiac and smooth muscles.
Voluntary muscles requires conscious commands from the brain in order to move and operate. Ex. Skeletal muscles
How many bones in an adult skeleton? How many bones at birth?
Adult skeleton = 206
At birth = over 300
Name the six synovial joints
1. Ball and Socket
2. Gliding
3. Hinge
4. Pivot
5. Saddle
6. Ellipsoid
Name all 7 common fractures.
Compound Fracture
Simple Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Oblique Fracture
Transverse Fracture
Name the five functions of the skeleton.
Structural support – holds tissues in place, gives shape
Movement – provide levers for muscles to pull and move
Protection – ie: ribs protect heart, lungs
Mineral Reserve – calcium and phosphorous used in energy production are stored in bone
Manufacture of Blood Cells – marrow inside long bones produces new Red blood cells
Explain what transient hypertrophy, chronic hypertrophy, and muscle atrophy are.
Transient hypertrophy - Muscle temporarily get larger during exercise due to increased blood flow. This lasts only for 30 minutes or so after exercise. Does not increase strength.
Chronic Hypertrophy - Muscle fibers diameters get bigger as they adapt to repeated exercise training. As fibers get larger the muscle gets bigger and stronger over time.
Muscle Atrophy - Muscle fiber diameters get smaller over time as a result of lack of use or training. Results in loss of strength.
How many muscles do we have in our body?
Over 600.