Ch 46
axial vs appendicular skeleton
axial- skull, ribs, sternum,spine (protects vital organs)
appendicular- arm, leg (bones), pelvis, clavicle (movement)
purpose of capillaries & alveolis
Alveoli-Location: Clustered at the very end of the respiratory bronchioles deep inside the lungs. Purpose: Serve as the primary structural units for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood.
capillaries- exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues. They are located throughout the entire body.
Know the lobes and function of the brain
Cerebrum- largest portion of the brain. (left and right hemispheres)
Corpus Callosum- located in the central gtoove & connects the 2 halves of the brain *allows info learned in 1 side to be shared w/ the other
Cerebellum-coordination
Frontal- functions and personality, motor cortex- movement, sensory cortex-sensations, parietal lobe- perception/thinking, temporal- memory, occiptal-vision
Pineal gland Vs pituitary gland
Pineal- sleep regulator and inhibits/produces melatonin
Pituitary- regulated by hypothalamus & responsible for imitating or inhibiting other glands(AKA boss gland)
Know the muscle types, skeletal, smooth, cardiac (voluntary or involuntary)
Skeletal- attached to bone; voluntary
Smooth muscle- organ func; involuntary
Cardiac- heart muscle; involuntary
know composition of blood & function
55%-plasma-90% of water, transports nutrients, hormones & proteins (bloodcotting problems, antibody & homeostasis proteins), Carries away waste products
41% RBCS-transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry waste carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled
4% WBCS & Platelets-WBCs defend the body against infections and diseases, while platelets control bleeding and repair damaged blood vessels
what are the brain stem funcs
reticular formation- separates important messages from unimportant
thalamus- directs incoming sensory signals to proper area of cerebral cortex
hypothalamus- homeostasis; controls hormone levels
midbrain- relay center for vision and hearing
pons- relay center btwn cerebrum & cerebellum
medulla oblongata- relay and control center for autonomic nervous system
Hypothyrodism vs hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism- not enough t3&t4/ lethargy, weight gain, low heart rate, cold intolerance, hashimotos (treatment- hormone supplements)
Hyperthyroidism- overproduction of t3&t4, hyperactivity/ weight loss/ high blood pressure/ high heart rate/ heat intolerance/ Graves disease (treatment- radioactive iodine
Know where each structure of the Epidermis is, and its function. Keratin, Melanin, Exocrine System
Keratin- proteins w/ epidermis (rough/leathery)]
Melanin- brown skin pigment (tan)
Exocrine System- release secretions through ducts
know how blood circulates thru heart
1)Deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the Right Atrium
2) Right atrium through the Tricuspid Valve into the the Right Ventricle
3) Blood is pumped through the Pulmonary Valve into the Pulmonary artery to the lungs to exchange CO2 for O2
4) Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium
5) Left Atrium through the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle
6) Blood is pumped through the Aortic Valve into the Aorta(main artery of the body)
what are meninges PAD
Meninges- three protective layers of CNS
Pia- inner layer, capillaries for brain
arachnoid layer- middle; cushions
Dura Mater- outer layer;thick& touch to restrict movement
How does the parathyroid affect the body?
increases Ca ions in the blood, necessary for normal bone growth & muscle tone & neural activity
difference in female and male skull & pelvis
female-wide arch
male-narrow
male skull- square chin, large brow ridge, jawline
female skull- small brow ridge, more pointed jaw.
Nephron function and location
kidney- filter blood & produce urine (approx; 1 mil)
Afferent vs Efferent neurons
Afferent transmits info TO CNS
Efferent- transmits info FROM CNS
type 1 diabetes vs type 2
type 1- autoimmune disorder since birth/ cannot be reversed or prevented. much harder to manage
type 2- around 40/ can be genetically predisposed or linked w/ obesity, if caught early can be reversed.
describe the bone changes in a person as they age
ossification- mineralization of cartilage into bone- bone resorption (breakdown) begins to exceed bone formation (growth)
epiphyseal plate (cartilage based ends of bones where elongation occurs) vs epiphyseal line(solid bone tissue)-Plates are present in children and teenagers. Lines are present only in adults.
skull changes- more smooth, no cracks/lines
How the Nephron works (kidney structure)
PCT- reabsorbs ions, glucose & amino acids
Loop of Henle- reabsorbs water and salt (NaCl)
DCT- regulates pH
Somatic NS vs Autonomic NS
Somatic- controls skeletal muscles *reflexes, spinal reflex, body and spinal cord neurons only
Autonomic- controls smooth and cardiac muscles *homeostasis 2 divisions (sympathetic "Fight or Flight", Parasympathetic nonchalant/ relaxed)
How insulin & glucagon work tg
insulin lowers high blood sugar by storing glucose.
glucagon raises low blood sugar by releasing stored glucose.