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Nervous System
Sensory System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Cells & Tissues & Organization
100

Name the two major divisions of the nervous system and give one primary function of each.

  • Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord; primary function — processes information and coordinates responses.
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): all neural tissue outside CNS (nerves, ganglia); primary function — transmits signals between CNS and the rest of the body.
100

Name the main 5 senses

Seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting 

100

Give the three main types of muscle tissue and one location for each.

  • Skeletal muscle: attached to bones; voluntary movement.
  • Cardiac muscle: heart walls (myocardium); involuntary rhythmic contraction.
  • Smooth muscle: walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels, bladder); involuntary control.
100

List a function of the skeletal system beyond support and movement.

  • Mineral storage (e.g., calcium and phosphate reservoir).
  • Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation in red bone marrow.
  • (Also acceptable: protection of organs, endocrine functions via osteocalcin, metabolic reservoir.)
100

This type of transport requires ATP.

Active transport

200

Describe the general structure of a neuron, naming and describing the roles of three main parts.

  • Dendrites: receive incoming signals and transmit them toward the cell body.
  • Cell body (soma): contains nucleus and organelles; integrates incoming signals and maintains cell functions.
  • Axon: long projection that conducts action potentials away from the cell body to synapses/targets. (Also acceptable: axon terminals/synaptic knobs, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier.)
200

This lobe of the brain processes visual information.

What is the occipital lobe?

200

This type of muscle is under voluntary control.

Skeletal muscles

200

This part of the skeleton includes the skull and vertebral column.

Axial skeleton

200

Which organelle produces ATP?

Mitochondria

300

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe of the brain? 

Responsible for higher-level thinking and voluntary control 

300

Why are neurons myelinated?

To speed up signal transmission

300

These fibers are best for endurance activities.

slow-twitch fibers?

300

This type of bone is longer than it is wide.

A long bone

300

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines organs.

Epithelial tissue

400

This system prepares the body for “fight or flight.”

Sympathetic nervous system

400

Which sensory system has hairs that are triggered by waves?

The hearing system 

400

This process causes muscles to grow larger.

What is hypertrophy?

400

Give 2 examples of irregular bones 

Vertebrae, hip bones, skull bones 

400

The elbow is _____ to the wrist 

Proximal

500

Describe the pathway of information when you touch a hot pan, using: stimulus, sensory receptor, CNS, muscle.

Sensory receptors detect the stimulus → signal travels to the CNS → CNS processes → motor neurons activate muscles to pull away

500

Define action potential

Definition: rapid, transient change in membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane due to voltage-gated ion channel activity.

500

Explain muscle growth using: hypertrophy, microtears, protein, adaptation.

Exercise causes microtears → protein repairs → muscles adapt and grow larger

500

Explain how bones are built and broken down using osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte.

Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts break it down, osteocytes maintain bone

500

Define homeostasis and explain why it is important.

Maintaining internal balance so cells and systems function properly