Body Regions and Directional Terms
What is located in the cranial cavity?
The brain
What type of movement involves bending a joint?
Flexion
When they contract, muscles ____.
What is the long bone along the arm called?
The Humerus
The nervous system is made up of what 2 parts?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What is the plane that splits the body into an upper and lower half?
Transverse Plane
What type of joint is functional and has the greatest amount of movement?
Synovial Joint
What is the law that states that muscles shape the bone?
Wolff's Law
What is the main protein found in bones?
Collagen
Which nerve controls muscles that extend the knee (quadriceps) and provides sensation to the anterior thigh?
Femoral nerve
The tibia is _____ to the femur
Distal
What type of joint is connected by fibrous tissue and has no movement?
Suture
What is the origin and insertion of the pectoral?
Clavicle is the origin, humerus the insertion.
What is the technical name for the growth plate?
Epiphyseal
Which brain structure regulates vital functions like heartbeat, breathing, and reflex actions (coughing, swallowing)?
Medulla Oblongata
What anatomical terms best describe the relationship between the sternum and the spine?
The sternum is anterior to the spine, the sternum is superior to the spine, and the sternum is medial to the spine.
What is the tissue at the end of a bone that reduces fricition in a joint?
Articular Cartilage
What muscle provides the primary force for external rotation of the shoulder?
The Infraspinatus
Why might someone who has low blood calcium levels be at risk for osteoporosis?
Low blood calcium levels lead to increased bone resorption, which weakens bones and increases the risk of osteoporosis.
What happens if a toxin blocks the calcium channel?
This prevents the release of neurotransmitters which leads to no muscle contraction. This can cause paralysis.
Melissa suffered rib fractures in ribs 11 and 12 after a car accident. What types of ribs are these, and why are they important?
Floating ribs. They are important because they protect organs like the heart and lungs.
Mark has a radius fracture and has limited movement when he tries to rotate his wrist. What type of movement is most restricted?
John notices that the back of his knee is in pain and swelling the day after he had an awkward fall and hyperextended it while playing basketball. What type of tear is this most likely to be?
A PCL tear
A child has a comminuted fracture of their radius. Why might this type of fracture require more treatment than other fractures?
A comminuted fracture involves a bone that is broken into multiple pieces, making treatment more complex than other fractures. Proper alignment and stabilization are more difficult in comminuted fractures compared to others.
How does heroin affect the brain?
Heroin mimics natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors, turning off dopamine inhibition. This allows dopamine to flood the synapse, causing immediate feelings of sedation and well-being.