Anatomy Unit One

1

100

What are the tissues uniting the bony surfaces in synovial joints? 

1. synovial joints → bones are not physically connected to each other, instead, their cartilage-covered articulating surfaces are held opposed to one another by associated connective tissue and muscles
   1. most joints of the body are synovial
   2. highly movable joints

200

Describe the function of the lymphatic system and define lymph (what is contained in lymph?)

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. Lymphatic (lim-FAT-ik) vessels, tissues, organs, and glands work together to drain a watery fluid called lymph from throughout the body.

Lymph is  also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn't reabsorbed into your capillaries. Lymph contains many different substances, including proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer cells and germs

300

Describe kyphosis and it's significance.

1.  kyphosis → curvatures of the spine that are convex (curves outward posteriorly); manifests in both the thoracic and sacral regions of the vertebral column, excessive anterior curvature
   1. present during fetal development
   2. At birth, the entire spine is kyphotic. Thoracic and sacral spine retain original kyphotic curvature → “Primary Curvature”

400

Specify the spinal nerve that exits each of the intervertebral foramina in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the vertebral column.

*8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves

*cervical spinal nerves exit ABOVE vertebrae of the same number

(example: C1 exits above C1 vertebra, etc.)

*C8 spinal nerve exits between the C7 and T1 vertebra

*12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

*exit BELOW the vertebra of the same number (ex. T4 exits below T4 vertebra)

*5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

*exit BELOW the vertebra of the same number (ex. L3 exits below L3 vertebra)

*5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves

*The ventral and dorsal rami of sacral nerves 1-4 exit the vertebral column through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina respectively, and the 5th pair of sacral nerves and the one pair of coccygeal nerves exit the vertebral column through the sacral hiatus

2

100

What are the tissues unting the surfaces of fibrous joints?

1. fibrous joints → bones are connected by fibrous CT
   1. little, if any movement occurs
   2. ex. ligamentum flavum of the vertebral column, and the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula, sutures of the skull

200

What are the purposes of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes?

 Lymph drains into lymph vessels that carry it to lymph nodes. Lymph nodes clean the lymph and add more lymphocytes to it

Lympathic vessels are- A thin tube that collects lymph (clear watery fluid) from tissues in different parts of the body and returns it to the bloodstream. Lymph vessels branch, like blood vessels, throughout the body. They vary in size but are typically larger than blood capillaries and smaller than most veins.

Lymph nodes are small structures that work as filters for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections. They contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid.

300

Describe lordosis and it's significance

1.  lordosis → curvatures of the spine that are concave (curves inward posteriorly); manifests in the cervical and lumbar spines, excessive posterior curvature
   1. form after delivery → “Secondary Curvature”
   2. Cervical lordosis develops as infant begins to raise head and hold head erect
   3. Lumbar Lordosis develops as toddler assumes upright position and learns to walk

400

List from external to internal the three spinal meninges

1. PAD the spinal cord
2. Dura Mater (outer) 
   1. tough, fibrous, protective membrane
   2. comprised of only one layer
3. Arachnoid Mater (middle)
   1. avascular membrane that encloses CSF within the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia layers
   2. held against the inner surface of the dura by the pressure of the CSF within the subarachnoid space 
4. Pia Mater (inner) 
   1. thin, transparent, protective membrane
   2. closely follows the surface of the spinal cord
   3. directly covers spinal roots and blood vessels
   4. continues as a narrow, thread-like terminal filum after the conus (end of spinal cord)

3

100

What are the tissues uniting the bony surfaces of cartilaginous joints?

1. cartilaginous joints → bones connected to one another by cartilage
   1. little or no mvmt at these joints
   2. ex. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, epiphyseal plates

200

Where in the vascular system is lymph returned to the blood?

Your right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct are built like highway on-ramps. They merge into large veins called your subclavian veins and empty the lymph into them. From there, your lymph reenters your bloodstream and can flow through your body again.

300

Describe scoliosis and it's significance

1. scoliosis → a sideways curvature of the spine/lateral curvature 

400

1. Define the subarachnoid space and specify its contents; specify the location of the lumbar cistern. Where do you get a lumbar puncture of CSF?

1. Space: 
   1. between arachnoid mater and pia mater
   2. extends laterally around each pair of spinal nerve roots
   3. ends at the level of the S2 vertebra of the sacrum
2. Contents: 
   1. CSF
3. Lumbar Cistern: 
   1. large pool of CSF between the conus medullaris (L1-L2) and inferior limit of subarachnoid space at S2 
   2. nerve roots of the cauda equina (horse tail) course through this 

1. You will get your lumbar puncture to get a sample of CSF below the level of the conus medullaris!! 
   1. in the area of L3-L4 or 5, L5 and lower if in a child usually
   2. Higher would be a high risk of puncturing a nerve here 

4

100

Draw a typical synovial joint and label the following features: Capsule, Synovial membrane, bony articulations and articular cartilage

Drawing

200

1. Specify where in the body each of the following groups of lymph nodes can be palpated: axillary, inguinal, cervical, pericranial.

superficial, larger nodes, close to or more than one centimeter in diameter-primarily located in the head and neck region, the axillae and the inguinal areas-can be palpated and assessed.

300

List the 5 regions of the spinal cord and indicate the number of vertebrae in each. Distinguish their differences.

1.  Cervical → C1-C7 (C1 = atlas, C2 = axis) - seven cervical vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the vertebrae. They have transverse foramen and uncinate processes, small body and bifid spinous process (usually)
2. Thoracic → T1-T12 - twelve thoracic vertebrae, they articulate with the ribs. The presence of superior and inferior costal facets on the vertebral body, and a transverse costal facet on each transverse process are key features that distinguish thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae. Have long inferiorly directed spinous processes.
3. Lumbar → L1-L5 - five lumbar vertebrae, the largest vertebrae in the vertebral column. Large body, short stubby spinous process. 
4. Sacral → S1-S5 - five sacral vertebrae, involved in transferring the weight of the body to the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
5. Coccygeal → Co1-Co4 - four coccygeal vertebrae, typically fused and form the coccyx (tailbone)

400

List the general keys landmarks of the following dermatomes or groups of:  C3/C4, T4, T6, T10, L1.

C3/C4-Lower neck, upper chest and back

T4- Nipple Line

T6-T6 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the horizontal level of the xiphoid process. 

 T10- The area just above and level with your bellybutton (navel) and the upper-middle section of your back.

L1-The skin over the back lateral to the L1 vertebra; wraps around the lower trunk/upper part of lower extremity to the hip girdle and the groin area

5

100

Draw the anatomical relationships of the following structures to the interscalene triangle:  subclavian artery, subclavian vein, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve; specify the boundaries of the interscalene triangle.

Check

200

Demonstrate the following movements of the vertebral column: flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation; be able to use these terms properly when discussing movements of the back.

1. flexion → anterior/forward bending
2. extension → posterior/backward bending
3. lateral flexion → side bending
4. rotation → rotation

300

Specify the locations of lymph nodes that drain the upper limb.

1. axillary lymph nodes drain the upper limb and are divided into 5 groups: 
   1. central
   2. apical (where the subclavian vein meets the clavicle)
   3. humeral
   4. pectoral
   5. subscapular
2. 3 streams of lymph drain into the axillary lymph nodes:
   1.  humeral from upper extremity
   2. pectoral from adjacent thoracic and upper abdominal wall + breast
   3. subscapular from the back
3. The 3 streams merge deep within the axilla to form the subclavian lymphatic trunk, which drains to the venous angle (left subclavian trunk may drain to thoracic duct) 

400

Categorize each of the following structures as carrying sensory fibers, motor fibers, or both: ventral root, dorsal root, spinal nerve, ventral primary ramus, dorsal primary ramus.

The function of the dorsal root ganglia is to transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system

 the ventral (anterior) root bundle is responsible for transmitting somatic motor output from the brain and spinal cord to the body's skeletal muscles. Cell bodies of the efferent motor fibers get housed in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, specifically the anterior and lateral gray columns.

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery. Each nerve forms from nerve fibers, known as fila radicularia, extending from the posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots of the spinal cord.

The ventral ramus: Contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

The dorsal rami provide motor innervation to the deep (a.k.a. intrinsic or true) muscles of the back, and sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior portion of the head, neck and back.