Show:
skeleton
cell
Epithelial,integumentary and connective
skeletal tissue
developmental
100
Identify the bones the cranial sutures separate. What are fontanels? What is the commonterm for a fontanel?
Cranial Sutures: Saggital: right and left halves Squamous: temporal bone Coronal: divides front and back of skull Frontalnasal: frontal bone from nasal bones Lambdoid: occipital bone Fontanels are found in infants, since the sutures are not well developed they are called fontanels or soft spots.
100
What are the three major components of a cell? (points A, B &C under cell structure on your lecture outline)
• Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus
100
What are the four types of tissues found in the human body? What is the distinguishing characteristic of each type of tissue?
• Epithelium-tissue without intercellular substance • Connective-tissue with intercellular substance • Nervous • muscular
100
Name and describe the bone classification and give specific examples.
Long bones are longer than they are wider such would include the humerus, femur, tibia fibula.. you know.. Short Bones are box liked and they are the carpals Flat bones well are flat they are usually like for extensive protection like the occipital bones, sternum, scapula, and ribs Sesamoid bones are in tendons and are small round often found near joints in hands and feet. Just remember the sesame buns have the meat tee hee! Oh and the patella is one. Irregular bones: the weird ones that don’t fall in either of the other categories. Vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
100
What are the three phases of fertilization?
1. Corona radiate penetration 2. Zona pellucida penetration 3. Fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes zygote
200
What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa? What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? What bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
-Anterior Cranial Fossa: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid -Posterior Cranial Fossa: Occipital, temporal -Middle Cranial Fossa: Sphenoid, temporal, parietal
200
Starting with molecules what is the overall plan
Molecules->Organelles->Cells->Tissues->Organs->Systems->Human Body
200
How is collagen synthesized? What does the enzyme collagenase do
1. Assembly of polypeptide chain 2. Polypeptide chain becomes coiled into left handed helix 3. Three polypeptide chains become intertwined to form procollagen molecule 4. Carbohydrates are added to procollagen molecules 5. Pepcialasses act on procollagen molecules to form tropcollagen 6. Collagen microfibril 7. Collagen fibril 8. Collagen fiber 9. Bundle of collagen
200
What are the two major components of the bone matrix? What are they composed of? How does the bone matrix differ from the matrix of cartilage?
Remember that the bone matrix is heavily calcified which makes it less movable than cartilage. Two components are: Inorganic material: (65%) calcium, phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite) Organic material: Made of collagen fibers embedded in a proteoglycan gel. It provides tensile (elasticity) to bone.
200
What happens during the second week of human development? Ps. Happens in the uterus...
Early Implantation- the blastocyst superficially attaches to the endometrium.- implanting in the uterus.
300
What three bones fuse together to form the pelvis? What are the major differences between the male pelvis and female pelvis? What is the purpose of these differences?
-Ilium: -Ischium: -Pubis: The anatomical differences between the male and female pelvis has to do with how wide the ischial spine is. In females it is 100degrees or more in males it is 90 degrees or less. Since men in women are built differently, in this case since female give birth the pelvis is wider.
300
What is the ground substance of the cytoplasm (cytosol) composed of? Name the three components of the cytoskeleton. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
• The ground substance of the cytoplasm is composed of fluid • Cytoskeleton -Components: microtrabecular lattice, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubels -Functions: maintenance of cell shape, edocytosis, stabilization of cell attachment, cell motility
300
What are some of the functions of connective tissue?
- Barrier - Support - Packing - Defense - Storage - Repair - Support and Protection - Transport
300
Name and describe the types of cells that are found in bone tissue. What functions do they perform?
Osteoprogenitor cells (ancestor bone cells): make osteoblasts Osteoblasts (immature cell): Side by side in the bone surface. Produces bone matrix and synthesizes organic component. Osteocytes: functions to maintain bone matrix. Osteoclasts(break-microphage): demolishes bone by secreting enzymes from lysosomes.
300
Name the extraembryonic membranes that form during the second week.
Amniotic cavity – surround embryo (small balloon) Yolk sac- (small balloon) goes away eventually once the embryo continues to grow.
400
Identify each of the bones on the articulated skeleton and articulated skulls. Note which bones are paired, and which are unpaired.
Articulated Skeleton: unpaired-frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, mandible, vomer paired-temporal bones, parietal bones, auditory bones, maxillae, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal concha
400
Describe the structure and functions of the cell membrane (plasmalemma). Where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas?
• Structure: It is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules plus some proteins, cholesterols, and a small amount of carbohydrates. • Functions: - regulates movement of ions and macromolecules in and out of the cell - possesses devices for cell attachment and cell-to-cell communication - cell recognition - receptors for hormones - messenger molecules in responses to stimulation • The hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas makes up the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane
400
What is the main cell type in the epidermis? What other cells can be found there? What are their functions?
Stratum Germinativum: single row of columnar or cuboidal cells. Characterized by intense mitotic activity. Cells attach to the underlying dermis by hemidesmosomes. Stratum Spinosum: several layers of cells. Cells are firmly bound to each other by desmosomes. Cells contain keratin fibrils. Some mitosis occurs here. Stratum Granulosum: three to five layers of flattened cells containing coarse granules; keratohyaline granules and lipid granules. In this layer the keratinocytes die. Stratum Lucidum: Translucent layer only visible in areas with thick skin. A thin layer of flattened nonnucleated cells. Total loss of all cellular organelles, including the nucleus Stratum Corneum: flattened nonucleated keratinized cells. Cells are filled with keratin filaments and keratin hyaline masses = soft keratin. The cells have a thickened cell membrane. Other cells found in the epidermis: Melanocytes and Langerhans cells.
400
What are the functions of bone in the human body?
Support (fleshy structures) Protection (Organs, thoracic cage-lungs, skull-brain) Movement (levers the muscle can move) Hemopoiesis (Blood cells formed in the red bone marrow) Mineral reservoir (calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium) Lipid reservoir via the yellow bone marrow
400
Describe the process of gastrulation and note what structure marks its beginning. When does it occur?
Occurs by the 3rd week of development. During grastrulation cell movements occur which reorganizes the epiblast into three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The Primitive streak(line in the back of embryo) marks the beginning of gastrulation.
500
What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
girdle of upper limb: scapula and clavicle; free limb: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals; girdle of lower limb: pelvis; free limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals
500
Describe the various stages in the life of a lysosome
• Programmed cell death-normal cell death • Activity of phagocytic cells-pacman engulfs foreign material • Intracellular digestion of substances • Participate in the normal secretory activity of some cells • Rupture of lysosomal membranes leads to cell damage and cell death
500
Name and describe the six main characteristics of epithelial tissue
• Cohesive • attached to a basal lamina-serves to help anchor • Polar-not equal sides • Avascular-w/out blood, nourishment diffuses form underlying tissue • Contain keratin filaments (cytokeratins) • Good regenerative capacity
500
Name the three types of cartilage and describe their histology. Which is the most common type? Where can you find each type of cartilage in the body?
Hyaline cartilage (most common): serves as a temporary skeleton in the embryo. Forms the epiphyseal plate in growing long bones Found in the adult body (respiratory walls, ribs ventral ends, covers articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints) Elastic Cartilage: external ear, the auditory tube and epiglottis Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs of the vertebral column, the pubic symphysis and in the menisci of the synovial joints.
500
When does the embryonic period occur? When does the fetal period occur?
Embryonic period stretches from ferlization to the end of the 8 week (56 days). During embryonic period the major organ systems develop and the embryo becomes recognizable as a human being. The fetal period extends form the 9th week of pregnancy to birth. Development during the fetal period is primarily concerned with rapid growth of the body and differentiation of tissues and organs that started to develop during the embryonic period.