Welfare
What are outcome based/ animal based measures
Biological responses of the animal to housing and procedures
What are the disadvantages of management based measures
Don't really assess welfare or if they are implemented
What is associative learning
Occurs where an action becomes important because of an association - positive or negative
Two types - classical and operant
What is classical conditioning`
Pavlovian
2 stimuli regularly paired in close succession
Food is the unconditional stimulus, Salivation is the unconditional response
Conditioned stimulus is the bell, Unconditioned response is to salivate
What are the 4 neurobiological criteria for sentience
Nociceptors - the animal possesses receptors located in neurons that respond specifically to noxious stimuli
Integrative brain regions - the animal possesses brain regions capable of integrating info from various sensory sources
Integrated nociception - neural pathways within the animal link nociceptors to integrative brain regions
analgesia - behavioural responses to noxious stimuli are modulated by chemical compound affecting the nervous system
What are possible welfare indicators or outcome or animal based measures
Behaviour
Health
Physiological responses to stress
Productivity, reproduction
What are the advantages of animal based measures
Direct measures of state of the animal
Allow for flexibility in housing, management
What is insight learning
Learning which occurs with a mental process, where a problem that has plagued the individual for a while suddenly becomes solved - not necessarily trail and error methods
What is operant conditioning
Requires the animals voluntary performance of some activity rather than an environmental stimulus
If the reward happens often enough the animal learns to perform that behaviour to achieve that reward
What are the two types of ways analgesia affects the nervous system
Endogenous - the animal has an internal neurotransmitter system that modulates their response to noxious stimuli, aligning with the experience of pain or distress
Exogenous - substances such as local anaesthetics, analgesics, anxiolytics, or antidepressants modify the animals response to noxious stimuli, suggesting alleviation of the experience of pain or distress
What are the advantages of resources based measures
Easy to assess (eyes, tape measures, ability to count)
What are the disadvantages of animal based measures
More difficult, time consuming
Must be validated
May indicate a problem but not the source
What is imprinting
Young animals
Different than other learning mechanisms - characteristics are specific = long lasting effects, irreversible, occurrence during a critical period of animal development
What are the four quadrants of operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement - Stimulus added to increase behaviour
Negative reinforcement - Stimulus is removed to increase behaviour
Positive punishment - Stimulus is applied to decrease behaviour
Negative punishment - Stimulus is removed to decrease behaviour
What are the four behavioural criteria for sentience
Motivational trade offs - Animal engages in dynamic decision-making, weighing the adverse impacts of noxious or threatening stimuli against the value of potential rewards
Flexible self-protection - The animal exhibits flexible self-protective behaviours (wound tending, guarding)
associative learning - animal demonstrates associative learning by forming connections between noxious stimuli and neutral cues
analgesia preference - animal expresses a preference for analgesics or anaesthietics when injured
What are the disadvantages of resources based measures
Don't really assess welfare or level of care
What is learning
The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or study by being taught
What is habiuation
Results from a repeated exposure to a single event
Results when a reduction in response occurs from the repeated exposure
Responding to every situation requires large energy exposure, so habituation helps to limit the situations that are responded to
What are the four things cognition requires
Acquire
Perceive
Storing
Utilize
What are the three way analgesia preference is demonstrated
Self-administration = animal learns to self administer putative analgesics or anaesthetics when injured
Conditioned place preference - the animal favours a specific location when injured, where analgesics or anaesthetics can be accessed
Prioritisation - when injured, the animal prioritizes obtaining these compounds over other needs
What are the advantages of management based measures
Records/SOPs are relatively easy to assess
What are the 5 types of learning
Associative - classical and operant
Insight
Imprinting
Habituation
Sensitization
What is sensitization
Results when an increase in response occurs from the repeated exposure
repeated response of a single event results in a heightened response
Not as a result of rewarding the animal
What is the difference between cognition and sentience
Cognition = Ability to take, perceive, store and use info
Sentience = ability to have a conscious or subjective experience - pain, emotions
If animals have the ability to recognize other individuals, they appear to have the ability of social cognition