The Nile Valley
The Nile Delta (delta)
hieroglyphics and papyrus
What are some of the massive building projects the rulers of Dynasty 12 undertook?
they built: more irrigation canals to help secure water for crops; more temples and pyramids to honor the dead; an elaborate temple known as the Labyrinth
This pharaoh was the first woman to rule Egypt
Queen Hapshepsut
The Nile River empties into this body of water
the Mediterranean Sea
What are the "three D's" of ancient Egyptian irrigation?
dams, dikes and ditches
Ancient Egyptians preserved bodies by turning them into this and burying them in pyramids
mummies
Ancient traders needed to do this study in order to carry out trade and help them determine whether the economic benefit of doing something makes it worth the risk
cost-benefit analysis
This ruling couple abandoned other Egyptian gods to focus on worshipping Aton, the sun god, and had the names of the other gods removed from temples
King Amenhotep IV and Queen Nefertiti
What was Egyptian hieroglyphic writing mostly used for at first?
mostly religious purposes; scribes carved hieroglyphs on the stone walls of temples, tombs, and palaces
afterlife
Ancient Egyptians developed these large stone structures that serves as tombs for Egyptian rulers
pyramids
This group of people had superior military technology, fought in horse-drawn carriages, wore body armor, and used stronger kinds of bows and were able to conquer Egypt and tear it apart
The Hyksos
This ancient Egyptian pharaoh had a 65-year reign over Egypt, fought the Hittites, and built magnificent temples all over Egypt.
King Ramses II (Ramses the Great)
What was often shown in ancient Egyptian paintings and sculptures?
This place was an important crossroad for the early Egyptians and traders from southwestern Asia
The Sinai Peninsula
The union between Upper and Lower Egypt established the world's first _______________, or a region with a united people and a single government
nation-state
The Hyksos expanded trade routes as far as this Greek island
Crete
From highest to lowest, this is the social pyramid of ancient Egypt
Top: pharaoh; next: royal family members, priests, and nobles; then: farmers and unskilled workers; bottom: slaves
During the Middle Kingdom, what other regions did Egypt trade with?
southwestern Asia, eastern Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean region
What are some of the ways farming along the Nile River made advances possible?
surplus crops of wheat and barley; donkeys carried grain to store-houses in towns where scribes could record it and rulers could distribute it; wheat was ground into flour for making bread; surplus of grain allowed for more trade
The _______, or chief adviser, carried out the king's orders while other officials collected taxes, planned building projects and made sure the laws were obeyed
vizier
Caravans brought this from Syria and these things from the Sinai Peninsula
silver; copper and turquoise
This was the design pattern of most ancient Egyptian temples
a long path lined with statues of sphinxes that led up to the temple gate, which opened into a courtyard; the courtyard led to a large hall that represented the "swamp of creation;" the hall was lined with stone columns crafted to look like papyrus reeds, lotus plants, or palm trees; an altar at the very rear
What was shown in many tomb paintings and other artworks?
scenes of people dancing and playing instruments such as lutes and harps