Geography
Why did Greece develop independent city‑states instead of one empire?
Mountains separated communities.
Who founded the Persian Empire?
Cyrus the Great.
What were the Persian Wars?
Wars between Persia and Greek city‑states.
Which city‑state focused on naval power?
Athens.
What policy helped Persia control many different peoples?
Allowing conquered people to keep their religion, laws, and language.
Why was the sea important to Greek trade?
It allowed travel and trade.
How did Persia treat conquered peoples?
Allowed them to keep religion, laws, and language.
Why did Persia want to conquer Greece?
To expand its empire.
Which city‑state feared slave revolts?
Sparta.
How did the Royal Road strengthen Persian rule?
It allowed fast communication, trade, and movement of armies.
What geographic feature helped Persia control a large empire?
Roads connecting regions.
Which group did Cyrus allow to return home and rebuild their temple?
The Jews.
Why did Greek city‑states unite during the Persian Wars?
To defend against Persia.
Why did Athens support democracy during wartime?
Citizens felt ownership and responsibility.
Why did Persian tolerance reduce rebellions?
People felt respected and treated fairly.
Why was the Royal Road important?
It allowed fast communication and trade.
Why were conquered people often loyal to Persian rulers?
Fair treatment and tolerance.
What advantage did Greeks have fighting Persia?
Knowledge of land and strong cooperation.
Why was Sparta reluctant to join alliances?
Distrust of outsiders.
How did Persian rule differ from Greek city-state government?
Persia was a large empire ruled by a king; Greece had independent city-states.
How did geography help Persia rule different lands successfully?
Roads and location helped control trade and communication.
How did Persian tolerance help maintain control of the empire?
Reduced rebellions and gained loyalty.
Why were the Persian Wars important to Greek identity?
They increased unity and confidence.
How did Athens and Sparta respond differently to Persian threats?
Athens used navy; Sparta relied on land army.
How did Persian actions lead to conflict with Greece?
Persia expanded into Greek lands, leading to resistance and war.