Ancient Greece
This type of government in Athens allowed citizens to vote directly on laws.
What is democracy?
This form of government used elected officials before Rome became an empire.
What is a republic?
This kingdom in northern Greece was Alexander’s homeland.
What is Macedonia?
This type of government ruled Sparta, where power was held by kings and elders instead of citizens voting.
What is an oligarchy?
To amaze the crowds, Romans sometimes filled the Colosseum with water so they could watch these competitions.
What are mock naval battles? (Naumachiae)
This powerful Greek city‑state was known for its strong navy and focus on trade and learning.
What is Athens?
These long‑lasting roads and water systems (called aqueducts) show these Roman skills.
What are Roman engineering and architecture?
Alexander became king of Macedonia at this young age.
What is 20 years old?
Spartan boys began this intense training at a young age to become strong soldiers.
What is military training?
In public toilets, Romans shared this unpleasant cleaning item instead of toilet paper.
What is a sponge on a stick (tersoria)?
This major athletic festival, held every four years, honored Zeus and brought Greek city‑states together.
What are the Olympic Games?
This series of wars against Carthage helped Rome gain control of the Mediterranean Sea.
What are the Punic Wars?
Alexander the Great died in this year, bringing an end to his conquests.
What is 323 BCE?
This was the main goal of Spartan society: defense, discipline, and loyalty to the state.
What is military power and strength?
This super‑smelly sauce, made from fermented fish parts, was one of Rome’s favorite seasonings.
What is fish‑gut sauce?
These men Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle asked questions to understand life, reasoning, thinking, and truth.
Who are philosophers?
This leader became Rome’s first emperor in 27 BCE, starting the Roman Empire.
Who is Augustus?
This term describes the spread of Greek ideas, language, and culture after Alexander’s conquests.
What is Hellenism (the Hellenistic Age)?
This was emphasized in Spartan education to prepare citizens for life as soldiers.
What is discipline and obedience?
Wealthy Romans sometimes served this tiny rodent as a fancy snack at dinner parties.
What is a dormouse?
These large outdoor theaters were used by the Greeks to perform plays such as tragedies and comedies.
What are amphitheaters?
This 200‑year period of peace and stability allowed Rome to grow and prosper.
What is the Pax Romana?
Alexander’s empire stretched from Greece all the way to this region in South Asia.
What is India?
Because Sparta was surrounded by mountains, it focused on this instead of sea trade.
What is farming and land‑based military power?
To keep their clothes bright white, Romans sometimes used this surprising household liquid collected from public jars around the city.
What is urine?