Government & Society
Which form of government in Sparta involved rule by a small group of leaders, and included two hereditary kings?
Oligarchy
Which social class in Sparta was state-owned and worked the land to support Spartan society?
Helots
Which civilization disappeared around 1450 BCE possibly due to a volcanic eruption on Thera?
Minoan
Which Athenian-led alliance was formed after the Persian Wars?
Delian League
Who could be considered a citizen in Athenian democracy — list one requirement?
Male (also required: free-born, typically born in Athens)
Which reformer created a harsh law code with severe punishments in 621 BCE in Athens?
Draco
At what age did Spartan boys begin living in barracks as part of their military education?
Age 7
Who were the Wanax in Mycenaean civilization?
Kings who made political and religious decisions
Which battle featured 300 Spartans fighting to the death against the Persians?
Battle of Thermopylae
Which leader reformed Athens into a more democratic system by reorganizing tribes and increasing citizen participation (hint: often called the “father of Athenian democracy”)?
Cleisthenes
What is the term for the assembly-based government in Athens where citizens participated in voting and public office (established more fully by later reforms)?
Democracy
What was considered the ultimate honor for a Spartan soldier?
Death in battle
What significant event marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Period?
The death of Alexander the Great
During the Peloponnesian War, how did Athens initially survive being surrounded by the Spartan army?
By using long walls to access sea supplies
Name one requirement that was NOT necessary to be a citizen in Athenian democracy (from the list: male; at least 18 years old; born in Athens; wealthy landowner).
Wealthy landowner
Which Athenian leader started paying citizens who served in public office and on juries, increasing participation by poorer citizens?
Pericles began paying citizens for public service
In Sparta’s dual kingship, what role did one king typically take during wartime?
To lead battles on the front lines, The other stayed and governed home.
After Alexander the Great’s death, his empire split into how many major kingdoms.
Three
What event directly led to the end of the Peloponnesian War according to the assessment content?
Sparta destroyed the Athenian navy (leading to Athens’ defeat)
What major change did Pericles introduce that affected jury service and holding office?
He started paying citizens who served in public office and on juries
Compare and contrast monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy in ancient Greece. Give one example city-state for each and one key feature that distinguishes each system.
Monarchy — Mycenaeans/kings (rule by one); Oligarchy — Sparta (rule by few, military leaders); Democracy — Athens (citizen participation in assembly).
Explain the social roles of Spartans, Perioikoi, and Helots. Describe how these roles supported Sparta’s military-focused society.
Spartans = full citizen-soldiers focused on military; Perioikoi = free non-citizen craftsmen/traders; Helots = state-owned serfs who farmed the land.
Explain how Alexander the Great’s conquests changed cultural exchange across the Mediterranean and Near East — give two specific examples of cultural or political effects.
Hellenistic culture blended Greek and local customs (language, art, science); cities like Alexandria became centers of learning; Greek rulers established Hellenistic kingdoms (e.g., Ptolemaic Egypt), spreading Greek ideas.
Describe the main causes and consequences of the Peloponnesian War for both Athens and Sparta.
Causes included rivalry for power and fear after Persian Wars; consequences included Spartan victory but weakened Greek city-states and opened the door for Macedonian rise.
Describe how Athenian democracy functioned (assembly, councils, juries). Explain one strength and one limitation of that system for the people living in Athens.
Sample: Assembly (all male citizens could vote), Council of 500 (set agenda), juries (large citizen juries decided legal cases). Strength: broad citizen participation; Limitation: excluded women, slaves, and non-native residents.