City-States I
In Athens, citizens could serve on these large groups that decided the outcomes of private disputes and public law cases, sometimes including as many as 501 members.
What are juries?
Athens was famous for developing this system of government, where citizens had the power to vote and participate directly in decision-making.
What is democracy?
He became king of Macedon in 336 BCE after the assassination of his father, Philip II.
Who is Alexander the Great?
He was the famous Greek philosopher who taught by asking questions, was sentenced to death by Athens, and inspired Western philosophical thought.
Who is Socrates?
This philosopher, a student of Socrates, wrote The Republic and explored ideas about justice and ideal government.
Who is Plato?
This main governing body allowed all male citizens to debate and vote on laws, taxes, and decisions about war and peace.
What is the Assembly?
This city-state was known for its powerful army, strict discipline, and focus on military training over arts and philosophy.
What is Sparta?
Alexander the Great’s father, this king, united most of the Greek city-states under Macedonian rule before Alexander’s conquests.
Who is Philip II?
This philosopher believed that knowledge comes from questioning, dialogue, and reasoning, and famously said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Who is Socrates?
A student of Plato, this philosopher emphasized logic, observation, and the study of nature, and tutored Alexander the Great.
Who is Aristotle?
Athenian citizens could vote to exile someone they saw as a threat to the city-state by writing the person’s name on these pottery shards.
What are ostraka?
Only male citizens aged 18 or older, with two Athenian parents and not enslaved, could participate in government, meaning this large portion of the population was excluded.
Who are women, children, enslaved people, and foreigners (metics)?
Alexander’s most famous teacher, who taught him philosophy, science, and literature, was this Greek philosopher.
Who is Aristotle?
This pre-Socratic philosopher believed that water was the fundamental substance that made up all things.
Who is Thales?
He taught that everything in the world is constantly changing and that fire is the basic element of the universe.
Who is Heraclitus?
This smaller council of 500 members, chosen by lottery, prepared issues for the Assembly and handled daily government business.
What is the Boule?
These two city-states fought against each other in a war that lasted from 431–404 BCE, with Sparta ultimately defeating Athens.
What are Athens and Sparta (or the Peloponnesian War)?
Alexander’s conquest of this empire made him the ruler of Persia, including lands in modern-day Iran and Iraq.
What is the Persian Empire?
He created the philosophy of Stoicism, which taught that virtue, reason, and self-control are the keys to a good life.
Who is Zeno of Citium?
He is known as the “Father of Western Philosophy” and focused on understanding the universe through observation rather than mythology.
Who is Thales?
Sparta’s military strength relied on this formation of heavily armed infantry soldiers, standing shoulder-to-shoulder in battle to create an impenetrable wall of shields.
What is the phalanx?
The Athenian board of ten generals, elected by the Assembly to lead the army, were called this.
What are the strategoi?
He founded over 20 cities named after himself, the most famous being this Egyptian city that became a center of learning and culture.
What is Alexandria?
(SURPRISE Question!) Athens dominated in war through this type of force, which allowed them to control sea trade routes and win key battles like Salamis.
What is a strong navy or naval fleet?
(SURPRISE Question!) Sparta often relied on this advantage, formed by a highly trained citizen-soldier army, to dominate land battles while leaving other city-states to handle naval conflicts.
What is a professional hoplite army or land-based military superiority?