The Monarchy
Which city was founded to begin the Roman civilization?
Rome
Who were non-citizens in society?
Free Roman women, slaves, and former slaves (freedmen)
What was the common language? Which languages derived from it?
Latin - Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, France, Romania
The primary source of wealth in Rome
Agricultures (cereals, vines, olives, fruits, vegetables)
What was the religion of Germanic people?
Paganism or Christianity (Arianism)
What river was Rome founded alongside?
Tiber River
Who was the most famous dictator? What happened to him?
Julius Caesar. He was assassinated by the Senate so as not to lose control of the Republic.
What spheres of life did the emperor control?
Politics, military, legislation, and religion
Why was Rome the center of trade?
Rome was well-connected and took place within and outside of Rome. Trade occurred through both land and sea, especially with the building of roads and bridges. A lot of products were traded - fabrics, food, ceramic pieces, jewelry, etc.
As the Empire was falling, Germanic peoples were threatened by what group of violent nomadic people of Asia?
The Huns
Who were the two main kings during this period? Tell me what they are most well-known for.
Romulus - Founded the city
Tarquinius 'The Proud' - Expelled from Rome in 509 BC by the Romans and led by the Senate
Why did the Patrician-Plebeian struggles occur for almost 200 years?
The Republic was government by the patricians and lawmakers were biased, meaning they would side with fellow wealthy citizens. The majority (plebeians) were angry.
After the Pax Romana crises, who divided the empire? How was the empire divided? Name their capital cities.
Emperor Theodosius I divided the empire in 395 AD. It was divided into the Western Roman Empire (Rome as capital) and the Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople as capital)
What were four buildings/works Romans built?
Religious: temples, churches
Civil: basilicas, thermae (Baths), theaters, amphitheater, circuses, aqueducts, dams, bridges, roads
Commemorative Monuments: triumphal arches, commemorative columns
Where did Germanic peoples come from?
Ancient Germania, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe
How was Roman society divided? Say something about these groups.
Patricians - wealthy and powerful who enjoyed rights, the minority
Plebeians - poor and powerless without privileges, the majority
What were the three institutions of the government of the Republic? Explain each.
Popular assemblies - Made up of all citizens and approved laws and elected magistrates
Magistrates - Exercised governmental role and responsible for different duties under one year. Consuls were most significant, commanding the army and presiding over the other two institutions
The Senate - Made up of 300 former magistrates. Advised and oversaw the magistrates, in charge of war/peace devisions, approved important choices
What were the most important territorial conquests? (Include directions - N,S,E,W) Who was the emperor that was in charge when the empire was largest?
North and west: Brittania and Galicia
South: North Africa and Egypt
East: Balkans, Anatolian peninsula, Mesopotamia
Largest - Under Trajan
There were two edicts issued. What were they (describe them) and who issued them?
1. Edict of Milan - under Emperor Constantine I, granted religious freedom and ended persecution of Christians
2. Edict of Thessalonica - under Emperor Theodosius I, made Christianity Rome's official religion
What age began with the fall of Rome and beginning of new kingdoms? How long was this age?
The Middle Ages - 476-1492
Name where Rome was located. Include area, rivers, mountain range, and seas
What were the pros and cons of Roman expansion from Hispanic to Greece?
Cons: Political Crisis = too much territory for the Senate to contain and corruption, Social Crisis = unequal distribution of land from generals and senior officials, revolts from plebeians and slaves, and turn to dictatorship
In what years did the Western and Roman Empire end? Who destroyed them?
Western - 476 AD (under Romulus Augustulus)
Eastern - 1453 AD
Both by Germanic peoples
What was a more specific name for large landowners that owned large estates where slaves would work to produce things?
Latifundists
Which Germanic Kingdoms founded the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Toledo, and the Kingdom of Italy?
Kingdom of France - Franks
Kingdom of Toledo - Visigoths
Kingdom of Italy - Ostrogoths