Exam 1
Which inhalant anesthetic has the highest MAC and should thus only be considered for use in chronically ill, or geriatric patients?
N2O
Where do alpha-2 agonists act on the nociceptive pathway?
Perception, modulation (inhibit central sensitization), transmission (inhibit impulse conduction)
Where does acepromazine act along the nociceptive pathway?
inhibit perception
What two things do you need to know to measure adequacy of ventilation?
RR and TV
Which drug should be used to address hypotension in Caesarean section patients? Why?
ephedrine; increases BP while maintaining uterine blood flow
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting requirement and water intake restriction of adult dogs/cats?
4-6 hours fasting is sufficient
Free access to water
Where do you place base apex leads in large animal patients?
LA over L cardiac apex
RA R side of jugular furrow
LL ground, place anywhere away from the heart
Where do the drugs in MLK exert their effect on the nociceptive pathway?
Morphine; transduction, modulation, and perception
Lidocaine; transduction, transmission, modulation
Ketamine; modulation of spinal pathways (inhibition of central sensitization
What are the most significant causes of perioperative mortality in equine anesthesia?
CV collapse (less common now), fracture**, myopathy
Which mu agonist has the lowest lipid solubility and, thus, the lowest transference from the dam to baby?
Morphine
Which diagnostic tests would you run for Bruno, a 3 yo, MN, Labrador Retriever?
normal healthy patient or with localized disease (<5 years old)
BIG 4; PCV, TP, BG, Azostrip
*note: if she doesn't say it has any problems assume it doesn't
What are the two most common complications from synthetic colloids (HES, Gelatins, Dextrans)?
coagulopathy, nephrotoxicity
What is the MOA of Trazadone? How does it affect the MAC of isoflurane?
serotonin 2A and 2C receptor antagonist and SSRI
decrease MAC of iso ~20%
What is the minimum MAP in horses under anesthesia, why is that the minimum? What can you do to treat hypotension in horses?
70 mmHg-->needs to be maintained to keep adequate perfusion to compressed muscles (prevention of development of post-op myopathy and myelopathy)
check depth, dobutamine (*most common 'first line'), norepi, IV fluids if hypovolemic
Name two drugs that are best avoided for anesthetic induction of C-section patients
thiopental, ketamine, xylazine, methoxyfluranes
ketamine and xylazine associated with higher fetal death
Which group of drugs do NOT provide analgesia?
(out of opioids, phenothiazines, alph-2 agonists, benzos, anticholinergics, sedatives, and dissociatives)
Benzos, Anticholinergics, Sedatives (propofol, alphaxalone), and etomidate (non-barbiturate hypnotic) DO NOT provide analgesia
What are the two types of nociceptor axon fibers involved in the transmission of the pain pathway, and which has a more rapid transmission?
Alpha-delta and C nociceptor axon fibers, alpha-delta have more rapid transmission
Which nerves are blocked by a caudal epidural, and what is one indication? Does it cause lose of function to hindlimbs?
pudendal, pelvic, and caudal nerves
facilitate passage of catheter in blocked cats, perineal procedures, tail amputations
NO (dose dependent)
Where can you find the information regarding drugs that are prohibited from ELDU? How about for withdrawal intervals?
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) codifies requirements for ELDU
Food Animal Residual Avoidance Databank (FARD) for guidance on withdrawal intervals
Uterine blood flow and placental perfusion are directly related to___________
systemic BP
Which pressure zone of the anesthetic machine is the vaporizer in?
low-pressure zone
You have anesthetized a dog with a combo of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol. Your patient is breathing ROOM AIR (21% O2) and his PaCO2=78 mmHg.
What is the patient's PaO2?
PaO2=FiO2(760-47)-PaCO2/0.8
.21(760-47)-78/0.8=52.23 mmHg
Explain the MK Doctrine and the Cushing's response.
MK Doctrine; increase volume of 1 cranial constituent (brain, blood, CSF) must be compensated by decreased volume of another
Cushing's Response(signs of brain herniation); increased BP, bradycardia, irregular breathing pattern
What should you do to prevent or treat ruminal tympany?
Place animal in sternal
Passage of stomach tube to decompress
Trocharization as last resort
T or F: Premedication for C-section should be with butorphanol or full mu agonist should be administered, even to quiet or debilitated dams.
True; decreases pain and stress and induction and inhalant requirements