Nutrient Definition
Derived from the components of food and food mixtures known as “the diet”
Energy
Organic compounds necessary for normal physiological function
Vitamins
Inorganic chemicals
Important part of a balanced diet
Minerals
Thorough physical examination includes
body weight and body condition score, hydration status, cardiopulmonary sounds, and body temperature
Types of Feeding Tubes
Nasogastric
E-tube
PEG tube- Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
J- tube (jejunum)
Six categories of nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Water
Minerals
Vitamins
What are the categories and what are they by name
Two categories:
Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K
Water-soluble: B-complex and C
What are the different kind of minerals
Macrominerals
Required in relatively large amounts.
Microminerals
Required in very small amounts, therefore also known as “trace elements.”
a condition of decreased serum phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium that results from intracellular shift when food is introduced too quickly after a period of starvation
Refeeding Syndrome
Complications:
Epistaxsis
Lack of tolerance of the procedure
Inadvertent removal of the tube by the patient
Should not be used if concern of nostril occlusion may compromise patient
Increases the risk of gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal strictures
Nasogastric tube
Based on the absorptive capability of a nutrient
Based on availability
Nutritional value
Require bile salts and fat clusters for passive absorption through walls of the duodenum and ileum
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Most abundant mineral in body (teeth and bones
Calcium
Indications for Nutritional Support name 3
72 hours of hospitalization without eating
Recent weight loss of >10%
Or 5 % in young animals
Absent or poor food intake for more than 2 days
Acute illness or injury
Acute muscle wasting
Heavy gastrointestinal or urinary system losses of protein or electrolytes
Surgically placed
Placed on the left side, from the exterior neck to the interior esophagus
Long term use and can be removed any time
Esophagostomy Tube (E-tube)
Most important nutrient
Water
Absorbed via active transport
Poorly stored in the body
Excesses lost via the urinary tract
Water Soluable Vitamins
Central component of hemoglobin
Central component of myoglobin molecules
Carries oxygen in blood and muscle
Iron
Upper alimentary tract used for assisted feeding
Preferred method of feeding when possible
Safest and least expensive
Enteral Feeding
Can be placed percutaneously (via needle) or surgically
Placed on the left side, through the wall of the stomach to the outside wall of the abdomen
Long term
Must be left in for a minimum of 14 days
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Protection Against Microbes includes
Physical
Chemical
Dehydration
Heat
cats fed homemade diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (found in fish) are at risk of developing a deficiency of vitamin E; deficiency causes painful inflammation of adipose tissue and is commonly known as
“yellow fat disease” or pansteatitis
Help free body of damaging effects of free radicals
Antioxidants
Protein amounts for dogs and cats
•Canine food = Provides protein at least
4-6 g/100kcal
Feline food = Provides protein at least
6-8 g/100kcal
General Guidelines for Enteral Nutrition
Aspirate tube prior to each feeding
Check that tube has not migrated- mark should remain at the same position
Always flush tube before and after feeding with 5-10 mL of water
The feeding tube site should be checked twice a day.
Clean and bandage/gauge changes as needed