Nutrition & Digestion
What digestive enzyme breaks down proteins?
Protease
Which structure houses DNA in an animal cell?
Nucleus
What traditional livestock marking used primarily in pigs creates patterns in the ear?
Ear Notching
Name two bird species given in the exam that are examples of avian livestock
Ducks and Turkeys
What is the primary purpose of pasteurization in milk processing?
Purpose of pasteurization: eliminate harmful bacteria
What is the correct order of the ruminant digestive system?
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
Which organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria
Which identification method uses a small electronic chip under the skin with a unique number?
Benefits: enables traceability for disease outbreaks; improves record-keeping for health and breeding.
What is the function of the air cell in an egg?
Air cell: where chick first breathes just before hatching
Which quality measure is most critical in determining meat quality according to the exam choices?
Most critical meat quality factor from choices: marbling and fat distribution
What are energy powerhouses
Grains, Wheat, Oats.
Which tissue type covers and protects body surfaces?
Epithelial tissue
List two benefits of animal identification for agricultural management.
Benefits: enables traceability for disease outbreaks; improves record-keeping for health and breeding.
What is the egg tooth used for?
Egg tooth: structure allowing chick to break through shell.
What are single openings for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Gizzards
Small Intestine
Which organelle packages and ships proteins?
Golgi apparatus
Hot or freeze used to mark animals; regulated by local ag authorities
Branding is the regulated hot/freeze method.
Describe the unique roles of the crop and gizzard in avian digestion
Crop stores and softens feed; gizzard grinds feed mechanically using grit, compensating for absence of teeth.
Name one factor that influences milk production and briefly explain how it affects yield.
Breed characteristics — different breeds have genetic differences in milk yield and composition.
Explain in two sentences how bacteria help digestion in ruminant systems
Bacteria in ruminants ferment fiber to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) which are absorbed and used for energy; they also synthesize some vitamins and aid in breaking complex carbohydrates.
Define diffusion and give one animal-level example
Diffusion: molecules move from high to low concentration without energy Example: Oxygen diffusing from blood into tissues.
Explain in three sentences how good identification systems can improve food safety, animal welfare, and record-keeping.
Good ID systems support rapid tracebacks during food safety events, help verify welfare and health histories for buyers and vets, and improve management decisions by linking feed, treatment, and performance records.
Explain how the crop and gizzard compensate for the absence of teeth using an example of what each does during digestion
Example: The crop allows time for enzymatic softening and storage during foraging; the gizzard mechanically grinds feed with ingested grit so the bird can break down hard particles without teeth; together they permit effective digestion of seeds and fibrous foods.
Explain why feed quality and health status are critical to milk production and relate this to expected lactation stage effects.
Feed quality provides required energy and protein for milk synthesis; poor feed lowers yield and affects composition; health problems (e.g., mastitis) reduce production and can be worsened by poor nutrition or management, and lactation stage affects daily yield (early lactation higher).