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100

What is ecchymosis?

Blood or bleeding under the skin due to trauma of any kind

100

Demonstrate foot inversion and eversion

Show them :)

100

What are some symptoms of lateral ankle sprain?

TART changes, instability, pain with movement, limited ROM, swelling, bruising, redness, etc.

100

Why does ice help with minor injury relief?

Ice – helps constrict blood vessels, reduce blood flow to injured site, decrease inflammation, numbs the area

100

Why do ankle fractures have more pronounced bruising?

breakage of bone = damage of blood vessels = more extensive bleeding and hematoma formation

200

What is an impaction fracture?

Impaction fractures occur when one bone is driven into another.

200

What are some TART findings associated with ankle fractures?

  • Tenderness localized to site of fracture, over lateral or medial malleolus
  • Asymmetry: Swelling, bruising, deformity are more pronounced and asymmetrical
  • Antalgic Gait: pronounced, minimizes weight bearing on injured ankle
  • ROM testing: limited due to pain and mechanical disruption; passive and active ROM testing reveals significant limitations in movement
  • Anterior drawer test, talar tilt test may be negative or less reliable
200

What are some TART findings associated with ankle sprains?

  • Tenderness along ATFL, CFL, PTFL
  • Asymmetry: swelling, bruising, milder compared to a fracture
  • Antalgic gait: may have limp, less pronounced than a fracture, weight-bearing associated pain
  • ROM testing: preserved or only mildly limited; passive may reveal discomfort or pain, but no severe restrictions
  • Anterior drawer test, talar tilt test may be positive
200
Name surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for an ankle fracture

cast, walking boot, screw fixation

200

What is an avulsion fracture?

Avulsion fracture – small bone fragments pulled off by ligament or tendon attachments

300

Ankle Sprain Grading:

  • Grade 1: mild
  • Microscopic tearing/stretching, minimal swelling/bruising
  • Can often bear weight on affected ankle
  • Grade 2: moderate
  • Partial tearing, moderate swelling/bruising
  • Moderate loss of ankle stability
  • Grade 3: severe
  • Complete tearing of ligaments
  • Significant bruising, tenderness, swelling
  • Pronounced loss of ankle stability
300

What are some ankle rehabilitation exercises?

Ankle pumps, alphabet exercises, towel scrunches, isometric exercises, resistance band exercises, calf raises, single-leg balance, wobble board/balance disc, functional activities, agility drills

300

Identify some OTCs used for ankle sprains and fractures

  • NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Aspirin)
  • Reduce pain and inflammation, relieve stiffness
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Manage pain, used when NSAIDs are not suitable
  • Topical analgesic creams/gels (menthol, camphor)
  • Localized pain relief by numbing skin, underlying tissue
  • Compression bandages, ice packs, heat wraps/pads
300

What are air casts and when are they used?

  • Air Cast/Air walking boot – air filled chambers to provide adjustable compression and support
  • Air cells, rigid shell, straps and fasteners, durable sole, ROM adjustments
  • Used in ankle sprains, fractures, stress fractures, post-surgery, ligament injuries, tendonitis
300

What are the goals of lateral ankle sprain management?

pain relief, reduce swelling, prevent further damage, facilitate early mobility, preventing chronic instability, improving function and range of motion, promoting full recovery, individualized care, education and prevention

400

What role does proprioception play in preventing recurrent sprains?

Helps reduce risk of recurrent sprains by enhancing ankle joint awareness and protective reflexes

400

Describe an antalgic gait and justify why an individual may present with this gait.

  • Antalgic Gait: minimize pain on weight bearing foot while walking
  • Shortened stance phase on affected side
  • Quick swing phase on painful side
  • Altered posture, limping, guarding
400

What is chronic ankle instability?

  • common long-term consequence of improperly managed ankle sprains
  • Two types: functional and mechanical
  • Functional: deficits in proprioception
  • Mechanical: ligamentous damage
400

What could persistent ankle pain after two weeks indicate?

Incomplete healing, possible fracture, ligament or tendon injury, chronic instability, arthritis or cartilage damage, infection/complication, underlying conditions

400

Name all components of RICE and what they are used for

  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
  • Used for injury management and pain alleviation for immediate symptoms associated with sprains, strains, bruises, overuse injuries, etc.
500

What are the long-term consequences of neglecting or inadequately treating lateral ankle sprains?

chronic ankle instability, recurrent sprains, cartilage damage, and early-onset osteoarthritis

500

What are the ligaments associated with lateral ankle sprains (2 of them) and what are ways they are injured?

  • Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL):
  • Most commonly injured in lateral ankle sprains
  • MOI: inversion motion of foot -> sudden/excessive force
  • Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL):
  • Located slightly lower and posterior to AFTL
  • MOI: continued stress on lateral side of ankle
500

In what ways does early mobilization and rehabilitation play a role in the management of lateral ankle sprains?

  • Improved ROM – prevents stiffness and promotes restoration of ROM
  • Prevent adhesions and scar tissue formation within the joint
  • Reduction of swelling and inflammation, pain management, strength and stability restoration, functional improvement
  • Prevention of chronic ankle instability
500

What are the Ottawa Ankle Rules and why are they important?

  • Ottawa rules for Ankle: X-Ray is required if there is any pain in the malleolar zone and any one of the following:
  • Tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of lateral malleolus
  • Tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of medial malleolus
  • Inability to bear weight immediately and in the ED for 4 steps (regardless of limping)
  • Importance: minimizes unnecessary X-Rays, enhances efficiency, reduces wait times, consistency in evaluation, improved resource allocation, etc.
500

What is a Jones Fracture?

  • Fracture at base of 5th metatarsal
  • Tenderness at base of 5th metatarsal
  • Common site for fractures due to relatively poor blood supply
  • Usually caused by an acute injury, sudden impact, repetitive stress
  • Diagnosed by X-Ray
  • Treatment: nonsurgical and surgical options (cast, walking boot, screw fixation)