Sympathetic
what neurotransmitter does the post-ganglionic axon secrete?
norepinephrine
what is the function of the parasympathetic system
promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy; rest & digest
what is occuring when someone has diplopia
movements of the external muscle of the two eyes are not perfectly coordinated; one cannot perfectly see one clear image
what is otitis media and why is it prevalent in children?
middle ear infection where the eardrum bulges out and is inflamed; children have shorter and more horizontal pharyngotympanic tubes
how do we active the olfactory sensory neurons
odorants bind to receptor proteins in the cilium membrane, generate GP, generate AP
name the site of origin, length of fiber, or location of ganglia
1. thoracolumbar
2. short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic
3. close to spinal cord
name the four preganglionic fibers that run in the cranial nerves
1. oculomotor (III)
2. facial nerve (VII)
3. glossopharyngeal (IX)
4. vagus (X)
name the differences between rods and cones
rods- dark vision, fuzzy, grey tones, many rods to one ganglion
cones- bright light, clear, red blue and green, one cone to one ganglion
name the three cavities of the internal ear
1. scala vestibuli
2. scala media
3. scala tympani
olfactory disorder from head injuries, nasal cavity inflammation, or neurological disorder
name the three ways preganglionic axons can synapse
1. same level
2. above or below
3. collateral ganglion
sympathetic and parasympathetic are partially active, resulting in _____ interactions.
antagonist
someone is myopic, where is the focal point and what lens can correct this?
eyeball is too long so focal point is in front of the retina, correct with concave lens
tympanic membrane→ auditory ossicles→ oval window→ scala vestibuli→ tectorial membrane→ auditory nerve→ scala tympani → round window
name the 3 taste buds in the mouth
1. fungiform
2. foliate
3. vallate
what is sympathetic tone?
continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels
name the site of origin, length of fibers, and location of ganglia
1. craniosacral
2. long preganglionic, short postganglionic
3. in or near the visceral effector organ
trace the steps of the visual pathway through the brain
optic nerve→ optic chiasma→ thalamus→ primary visual cortex (occipital)→ (EXTRA) superior colliculi
utricle maculea repond to change along a ____ plane while saccule maculae respond to change along a ____ plane.
horizontal, vertical
salty and sour tastes are due to specific _____ depolarization, while sweet, bitter, and umami are couple with a ______.
ion (Na+ and H+), G protein (gustaducin)
what are the two types of cholinergic recpetors
1. nicotinic
2. muscarinic
name the 5 parts of a visceral reflex
1. receptor in viscera
2. visceral sensory neuron
3. integration center
4. motor neuron (2 neuron chain)
5. visceral effector
what is the importance of a partial decussation
3d image which leads to depth perception
in the cristae ampullaris, what occurs in one ear vs the other? (think AP!!)
one ear depolarizes, while one hyperpolarizes
reflex- gagging, reflexive vomiting